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  • Artikel  (329)
  • wheat  (117)
  • NMR  (108)
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  • Springer  (255)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preliminary results from a microscopic examination on the effects of aluminium on the root tips of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; electron microscope ; light microscope ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Root tips from aluminium (Al) tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat (Triticum aestivum (L). Thell.) cultivars exposed to low concentrations of Al (10 μM) for 10, 24 and 72 hours were examined under the light and electron microscope. After fixing and embedding, longitudinal and transverse thin and ultrathin sections were cut. There was no evidence of Al damage to the root tips of the Al tolerant cultivar under both the light and electron microscope. For the Al sensitive cultivar, Al had no observable effect on the root tips 10 hours after Al addition when examined under the light microscope. When examined under an electron microscope, electron dense globular deposits were observed between the cell wall and cell membrane of the epidermal cells. There was not obvious damage to the cell cytoplasm. Two or 3 days after Al addition, light microscopy showed that the cells in the root tips had become swollen and extensively vacuolated. The tissues appeared disorganised and degenerate, particularly in the epidermis and outer cortical cells. The electron microscope also revealed a thickening of the cell wall. The cell wall was broken down, particularly in the epidermis in the region 4–6 mm from the root tip. The tissue in the meristematic area was largely intact.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011999
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitation and identification of carbon-13 isotopomers by homonuclear polarization transfer NMR experiments
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 231 (1988), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Schlagwort(e): Ectomyocorhizal fungus ; Metabolic pathway ; NMR ; Polarization transfer ; ^1^3C isotopomer
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(88)80692-6
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination of charge density of anionic polyacrylamide flocculants by NMR and DSC (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 812-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Schlagwort(e): Charge density ; polyacrylamide ; NMR ; DSC ; T g
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract New methods are suggested for the determination of the charge density of acrylamide/acrylate copolymers.13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the comonomer ratio by comparing the peak intensities of the methine carbon in acrylamide and acrylate monomers. Results were compared with those obtained by conductometric and potentiometric titration and were found to be in good agreement. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to determine the glass transition temperatures (T g) of the copolymers. A master curve was established by plottingT g versus charge density of the copolymers previously determined by NMR and conductometric titration. Compositions of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) samples can thus be determined by measuring theT g and reading the percent composition directly from the master curve.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412958
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of temperature and diet on oviposition rate and development time of the New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 143-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Thrips obscuratus ; Thysanoptera ; Thripidae ; New Zealand flower thrips ; rearing ; oviposition rate ; development time ; temperature ; diet ; pollen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The life history of New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus (Crawford), Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied using a simple laboratory rearing method. The effects of temperature and diet on oviposition rate and development time were examined. Oviposition rate increased with increasing temperature between 10°C and 25°C. Development time for individual instars and for total development decreased with increasing temperature between 10°C and 27°C. Total development time ranged from 50 days at 10°C (female) to 10 days at 27°C (male). The relationship between temperature and development rate was expressed as a straight line such that lower thresholds of development of between 4.2°C and 6.3°C were established for life stages. Adult lifespan increased with decreasing temperature between 10°C and 25°C and females lived longer than males. At 10°C and 25°C females lived for an average of 34 and 3 weeks respectively. Thrips supplied with pollen exhibited highest and sustained levels of egg production in comparison to other diets. Larval mortality was lowest and development time fastest on diets of pollen and sucrose or fruit juice in comparison to other plant tissues. Larval development time was similar on four species of pollen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177035
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diapause induction in Ephestia cautella: An interaction between genotype and crowding (1980)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): diapause ; induction ; termination ; temperature ; crowding ; inheritance ; Ephestia cautella ; almond moth ; stored products insect ; citrus pulp
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume L'induction de la diapause larvaire d'Ephestia cautella (Walker) dépend du génotype et de la densité larvaire. Des croisements à l'intérieur de la souche diapausante donnent 79% de diapause aux fortes densités larvaires et 40% aux faibles densités. Les croisements des adultes de cette souche avec ceux de la souche non-diapausante donnent 36% de diapause aux fortes densités et 6% aux faibles densités. La fréquence de fin de diapause est héréditaire et dépend de la température. Ces résultats peuvent expliquer les variations saisonnières du taux de diapause E. cautella dans la pulpe de citron stockée. La diapause larvaire a été induite chez des groupes de chenilles par surpeuplement dans des élevages standards, et chez des chenilles isolées par élevage sur une quantité limitée d'aliments frais ou sur une quantité abondante d'aliments frais contenant des résidus alimentaires provenent d'élevages surpeuplés. Les effets inducteurs de ces résidus alimentaires disparaissent après extraction avec les solvants de lipides. Une certaine action est observée par de l'extraint sec sur de l'aliment frais.
    Notizen: Abstract Larval diapause induction in Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a function of the interaction between genotype and larval crowding. A diapause stock in which 79% of the larvae diapaused under crowded conditions and 40% diapaused under uncrowded conditions was maintained by selection. Outbreeding of adults from this diapause stock to those from a non-diapause stock resulted in 36% diapause under crowded conditions and 6% diapause under uncrowded conditions. The rate of termination of larval diapause is inheritable and temperature dependent. These data seem to explain the seasonal trends in percentage larval diapause among E. cautella infesting citrus pulp during storage. Larval diapause was induced in groups of larvae by crowding in mass cultures and in single larvae by rearing on a small amount of fresh diet or on a larger amount of fresh diet containing residual diet from crowded cultures. The diapause-inducing effects of this residual diet could be removed by extraction with lipid solvents. Some activity was demonstrated when the extract was dried onto fresh diet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422021
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release zinc fertilizers (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049581
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An assessment of soil tests for phosphate for the prediction of cereal yields on a sandy soil in Western Australia (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 137-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; field experiment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nine soil tests for phosphate were evaluated for predicting the yield and P content of wheat, barley and oats grown on a sandy soil in Western Australia: Olsen, modified Olsen 1 (soil:solution ratio 1:5), modified Olsen 2 (soil:solution ratio 1:50), Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, modified Bray 2T (shaking time 10 minutes), modified Bray 2C (pH 3.7) and lactate. The soil had been fertilized 5 years previously with 20 levels each of superphosphate (OSP, range 0 to 400 kg P ha−1) and Queensland rock phosphate (QRP, range 0 to 20 000 kg P ha−1). For each species and fertilizer taken separately, all the tests, except for lactate, gave a good prediction of yield. When data for OSP and QRP were pooled, Bray 2 and modified Bray 2T tests were unsatisfactory predictors of both yield and P content. A linear relationship (P 〈 0.05) between mean soil tests value (χ) and the standard deviation (σ χ ) of the test value was observed for each soil test. For QRP, the results for lactate were the most variable (i.e.σχ/χ was greatest) followed by modified Olsen 2 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Colwell. The order for OSP fertilized soil was Bray 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 Colwell 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 lactate 〉 modified Olsen 2. For combined OSP and QRP data, the results of the Olsen 1 and Colwell extractions were the least variable. Errors in the prediction of yield (σ Y ) for all crops resulting from an error in soil test values (σχ) were calculated. For OSP-fertilized soil variability in values for the Bray-1 test provided the highest error (about 16%) in the prediction of the yield, followed by Bray 2 (12%) 〉 Bray 2T (10%) 〉 Olsen (8%) 〉 Colwell (7%) 〉 modified Bray 2C (6%) 〉 lactate (4%). Maximum error was at yields of about 65% of maximum yield. For soil fertilized with QRP, lactate provided the highest error (about 10%) in the prediction of yield, followed by the other tests (〈 6%). Maximum error was at yields of about 35% of maximum yield. The Colwell soil test gave the most accurate overall prediction of yield for both fertilizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049770
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of temperature and sliding rate on frictional strength of granite (1986)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 445-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Shear strength ; temperature ; deformation rate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Layers of artificial granite gouge have been deformed on saw-cut granite surfaces inclined 30° to the sample axes. Samples were deformed at a constant confining pressure of 250 MPa and temperatures of 22 to 845°C. The velocity dependence of the steady-state coefficient of friction (μss) was determined by comparing sliding strengths at different sliding rates. The results of these measurements are consistent with those reported bySolberg andByerlee (1984) at room temperature andStesky (1975) between 300 and 400°C. Stesky found that the slip-rate dependence of (μss) increased above 400°C. In the present study, however, the velocity dependence of (μss) was nearly independent of temperature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877211
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The biologically active conformation of ergot alkaloids (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 327-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Ergot alkaloids ; bioactive conformation ; dopamine receptors ; NMR
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Molecular mechanics and NMR studies of the D ring conformation of ergot alkaloids demonstrate that both D1 and D2 forms may exist in solution. The comparison of the geometric parameters defining the spatial relations between the aromatic moieties and the basic nitrogen of conformationally restricted dopamine analogs, and that of ergolene, shows the D1 conformation to be the bioactive one.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01942524
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