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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The history and impact of air pollution at Čertovo Lake, southwestern Czech Republic (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 8 (1993), S. 211-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Long-term air pollution ; trace metals ; pollen ; diatoms ; Chrysophyceae ; land-use ; lake acidification ; radionuclides ; Czech Republic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This multi-disciplinary investigation documents the longterm effects of atmospheric pollution of metals and acids on a geologically sensitive catchment in the Šumava Mountains, southwestern Czech Republic, a region with a long history of human disturbance. A 30 cm long sediment core (I) from Čertovo Lake was analyzed for natural and artifical radionuclides, metals, diatoms, chrysophytes, and pollen in sediments accumulated during the last 200 years. A second core (II), extending to 95 cm, included sediment judged to be free of atmospheric deposition of pollutants associated with the Industrial Revolution. Chronostratigraphic markers include several changes in the pollen assemblages corresponding to well-documented changes in land-use, and distinct distributions of 137Cs, 134Cs and 241Am from weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Russia. These markers corroborate the 210Pb dating and, together, produce a reliable chronology extending back nearly to 1800 A.D. Stratigraphic profiles of Cu, Pb, and Zn in Core I are unlike any previously reported in the literature. Concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn remain generally above 100, 400, and 200 μg g-1, respectively, for the 200 years represented by Core I. These values are unusually high for sediments from a watershed with no known heavy-metal ore bodies. Accumulation rates for Cu, Pb, and Zn, which include both atmospheric and watershed contributions, are also high (ca 1, 〉 1 and 〉 1 μg cm-2 yr-1, respectively) for the same period, although the anthropogenic contribution of Zn rose from nearly zero at 1800 A.D. The Cu and Pb accumulation rates rose dramatically about 1640 A.D. Accumulation rates of anthropogenically-derived Be, a relatively abundant element in the soft coals of the region, are also elevated by about 0.01 μg cm-2 yr-1 in sediments of this period. Vanadium accumulation rates increased only since 1980 A.D., presumably along with increased consumption of oil. Diatom assemblages illustrate that the lake was acidic (pH between 4.5 and 5) through at least the past 200 years. The pH declined significantly (from ca 5 to 4) between 1960 and 1985 with a slight increase to 4.5 in the last few years. Recent diatom and chrysophyte assemblages suggest high trace metal concentrations, consistent with the present lake-water chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177857
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the Adirondack Mountains, N.Y. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 195-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Adirondacks ; diatoms ; lake acidification ; paleoecology ; sediment chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleoecological analysis of the sediment record of 12 Adirondack lakes reveals that the 8 clearwater lakes with current pH 〈 5.5 and alkalinity 〈 10 μeq l-1 have acidified recently. The onset of this acidification occurred between 1920 and 1970. Loss of alkalinity, based on quanitative analysis of diatom assemblages, ranged from 2 to 35 μeq l-1. The acidification trends are substantiated by several lines of evidence including stratigraphies of diatom, chrysophyte, chironomid, and cladoceran remains, Ca:Ti and Mn:Ti ratios, sequentially extracted forms of Al, and historical fish data. Acidification trends appear to be continuing in some lakes, despite reductions in atmospheric sulfur loading that began in the early 1970s. The primary cause of the acidification trend is clearly increased atmospheric deposition of strong acids derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. Natural processes and watershed disturbances cannot account for the changes in water chemistry that have occurred, but they may play a role. Sediment core profiles of Pb, Cu, V, Zn, S, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, magnetic particles, and coal and oil soot provide a clear record of increased atmospheric input of materials associated with the combustion of fossil fuels beginning in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The primary evidence for acidification occurs after that period, and the pattern of water chemistry response to increased acid inputs is consistent with current understanding of lake-watershed acidification processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219459
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphy of total metals in PIRLA sediment cores (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 191-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging. Accelerated accumulation of Pb from atmospheric sources into sediment first occurs in sediment dated between 1800 and 1850 in NY and NE, slightly later in the NGLS region, and about 1900 in FL. Modern accumulation rates in all areas are comparable (ca. 1 to 4 μg cm−2 yr−1). Accumulation rates of Pb in some lakes have declined significantly from 1975 to 1985. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Zn and Cu is also indicated by generally increasing accumulation rates in sediment cores, but the record is not as clear nor are chemical profiles in all lakes parallel to the trends in atmospheric emissions inferred on the basis of fossil fuel consumption, smelting, and other industrial activities. Inter-lake variations in profiles of Cu and Zn are large. Vanadium accumulation rates increase by the 1940s in NY and NE, but not until the 1950s in the NGLS region. This timing correlates with regional trends in the combustion of fuel oil, a major source of atmospheric V. Acidification of some of the lakes is suggested by decreases in the concentration and accumulation rates of Mn, Ca, and Zn in recent sediment, relative to other elements of catchment origin. The decreases generally occur slightly before the onset of acidification as indicated by diatoms. Increased sediment accumulation rates for Fe may indicate the acidification of watershed soils. The use of the accumulation rate of TiO2 as an indicator of rates of erosion and for normalization of trace metal accumulation rates is in question for lakes where the flux of TiO2 from the atmosphere varies and is a significant fraction of the total flux of TiO2 to the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181714
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpretation of210Pb profiles and verification of the CRS dating model in PIRLA project lake sediment cores (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 275-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: radionuclide geochronology ; 210Pb dating ; sediment focusing ; sediment mixing ; acid deposition ; North America ; Adirondack Mountains ; New England ; Northern Florida ; Great Lakes States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports results and analysis of210Pb-activity measurements in 51 lake-sediment cores from 32 lakes in the four PIRLA (Paleoecological Investigations of Recent Lake Acidification) project regions (Adirondack Mountains [New York], Northern New England, Northern Florida, and the Northern Great Lakes States). General application of the Constant Rate of Supply (Constant Flux) model for210Pb dating is valid for lakes in the PIRLA study, although application of the model is equivocal in a few lakes.210Pb inventories and profiles are replicable among closely spaced cores within a lake. Specific210Pb activity in surface sediments is negatively correlated with bulk sediment accumulation rate in seepage lakes, but not in drainage lakes. Drainage lakes with lower pH have lower unsupported210Pb inventories in sediments, but the relationship does not occur in seepage lakes.210Pb profiles in only seven of the cores, all from either the Adirondacks or the northern Great Lakes states, exhibit exponential decay curves. Deviations from an exponential profile include a flattening of the profile in the top few cm or excursions of one or a few measurements away from an exponential curve.210Pb dates typically agree with other chronostratigraphic markers, most of which are subject to greater uncertainty. Several hypotheses, including sediment mixing, hydrologic regime, sediment focusing, and acidification, are proposed to explain variation of210Pb distribution among lakes and regions. Hydrologic factors exert control on unsupported210Pb inventories in PIRLA lakes, and there is a strong focusing effect in drainage lakes but a weak focusing effect in seepage lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00677218
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidity of twelve northern New England (U.S.A.) lakes in recent centuries (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 103-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acidification ; alkalization ; pH ; alkalinity ; diatoms ; sediment chemistry ; New England ; catchment effects ; land use ; logging ; acidic deposition ; air pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of sediment cores from 12 acidic lakes in granitic, forested and uninhabited catchments in northern New England, U.S.A. produced diatom-inferred pH (IpH) 5.2 to 5.8 and alkalinity (Ialk) −12 to 31 µeq l−1, with slowly declining values at some lakes, for one to four centuries prior to logging. Increases of IpH (Δ0.05 to 0.60) and Ialk (Δ5 to 40 µeq l−1) correlate with logging in the catchments in the early-1800s to early-1900s. Recovery to pre-logging IpH and Ialk correlates with forest succession toward conifers, and is completed in the late-1800s to mid-1900s. Beginning at 1915–1920 (4 lakes), 1930–1950 (4 lakes) and 1965–1970 (4 lakes), IpH and Ialk start decreasing below pre-logging values due to atmospheric acidic deposition, leading to respective total decreases of 0.10 to 0.45 (X=0.25) and 5 to 25 µeq l−1 (X=15). Inputs of anthropogenic Pb, Zn, V, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot from the atmosphere are first detectable in early- to late-1800s sediment, and Cu in late-1800s sediment, increase rapidly in the late-1800s to mid-1900s, and level off or decrease since the 1960s — partly due to emission controls. Decreasing Ca, Mn, and possibly Zn relative to other metals and normalized to organic content, and increasing flux of Fe to the lakes, indicate soil and water acidification after 1900.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678090
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleolimnological reconstruction of recent acidity changes in four Sierra Nevada lakes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 2 (1989), S. 285-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acid rain ; biostratigraphy ; diatoms ; paleolimnology ; lake acidification ; Sierra Nevada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have completed a paleolimnological analysis of sediment cores from four lakes in the Sierra Nevada Range of California (USA). The diatom-inferred pH profile from Harriet Lake in Yosemite National Park (present pH=6.52) indicates no significant trends over the last 250 years. Inferred pH from Emerald Lake in Sequoia National Park (present pH=6.10) indicates a very small increase (〈0.1 pH unit) over the past 60 years and perhaps another small increase (ca. 0.15 pH unit) since 1976. Eastern Brook Lake in Inyo National Forest (present pH=7.06) shows evidence of both long-term alkalinification (ca. 0.3 pH unit over the last 200 years) and pH fluctuations since 1970. Lake 45 in King's Canyon National Park (present pH=5.16) appears to have acidified slightly (ca. 0.2 pH unit) over the last 60 years. Factors causing the observed trends are uncertain, but a role for acidic deposition cannot be ruled out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195477
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleolimnology of McNearney lake: an acidic lake in northern Michigan (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; diatom-inferred pH ; trace metals ; sulfur ; lakewater chemistry ; seepage lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract McNearney Lake is an acidic (pH=4.4) lake in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan with low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC=-38 μeq L-1) and high SO inf4 sup2- and aluminium concentrations. Oligotrophy is indicated by high Secchi transparency and by low chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen concentrations. The lake water is currently acidic because base cations are supplied to the lake water at a low rate and because SO inf4 sup2- from atmospheric deposition was not appreciably retained by the lake sediments or watershed and was present in the water column. This interdisciplinary paleolimnological study indicates that McNearney Lake is naturally acidic and has been so since at least 4000 years B.P., as determined from inferred-pH techniques based on contemporary diatom-pH relationships. Predicted pH values ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 over the 4000-year stratigraphy. Considerable shifts in species composition and abundance were observed in diatom stratigraphy, but present-day distributions indicate that all abundant taxa most frequently occur under acidic conditions, suggesting that factors other than pH are responsible for the shifts. The diatom-inferred pH technique as applied to McNearney Lake has too large an uncertainly and is not sensitive enough to determine the subtle recent changes in lakewater pH expected from changes in atmospheric deposition because: (1) McNearney Lake has the lowest pH in the contemporary diatom data set in the region and confidence intervals for pH predictions increase at the extremes of regressions; (2) other factors in addition to pH may be responsible for the diatom species distribution in the lake and in the entire northern Great Lakes region; (3) McNearney Lake has a well-buffered pH as a consequence of its low pH and high aluminium concentrations and is not expected to exhibit a large pH change as a result of changes in atmospheric deposition; and (4) atmospheric deposition in the region is modest and would not cause a pH shift large enough to be discernable in McNearney Lake. Elevated atmospheric deposition is indicated in recent sediments by Pb, V, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation rates and to a lesser extent by those of Cu and Zn; however, these accumulation rates are substantially lower than those observed for acidified lakes in the northeastern United States. Although atmospheric loadings of materials associated with fossil fuel combustion have recently increased to McNearney Lake and apparently are continuing, the present study of the diatom subfossil record does not indicate a distinct, recent acidification (pH decrease).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209297
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleolimnological reconstruction of the effects of atmospheric deposition of acids and heavy metals on the chemistry and biology of lakes in New England and Norway (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; acidic precipitation ; lake acidification ; heavy metal pollution ; diatoms ; cladocerans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from nine lakes in southern Norway (N) and six in northern New England (NE) were dated by 137Cs, 210Pb and in NE also by pollen, and were analyzed geochemically and for diatoms. Cores from two N and three NE lakes were analyzed for cladocerans. 137Cs dating is unreliable in these lakes, probably due to mobility of Cs in the sediment. In Holmvatn sediment, an up-core increase in Fe, starting ca. 1900, correlates with geochemical indications of decreasing mechanical erosion of soils. Diatoms indicate a lake acidification starting in the 1920's. We propose that soil Fe was mobilized and runoff acidified by acidic precipitation and/or by soil acidification resulting from vegetational succession following reduced grazing. Even minor land use changes or disturbances in lake watersheds introduce ambiguity to the sedimentary evidence relating to atmospheric influences. Diatom counts from surface sediments in 36 N and 31 NE lakes were regressed against contemporary water pH to obtain coefficients for computing past pH from subsurface counts. Computed decreases of 0.3–0.8 pH units start between I890 and I930 in N lakes already acidic (pH 5.0–5.5) before the decrease. These and lesser decreases in other lakes start decades to over a century after the first sedimentary indications of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. It is proposed that the acidification of precipitation accompanied the metal pollution. The delays in lake acidification may be due to buffering by the lakes and watersheds. The magnitude of acidification and heavy metal loading of the lakes parallels air pollution gradients. Shift in cladoceran remains are contemporary with acidification, preceding elimination of fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028438
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in understanding the chemical stratigraphy of metals in lake sediments in relation to acidic precipitation (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 214 (1991), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores, dated by 210Pb and/or varves, from lakes that do not receive point or non-point source discharge of pollutant metals and metalloids from within their catchments have been used to: 1. Develop a chronology of atmospheric deposition of trace elements related to air pollution. 2. Identify sources of these elements. 3. Estimate net fluxes of trace metals from both natural and anthropogenic sources. 4. Determine the extent of sediment focussing of metals (e.g. Pb) relative to the atmospheric flux of that metal. 5. Assess long term variations in the input of dry deposition of selected elements to lakes. 6. Establish if the water column has acidified. 7. Determine the maximum possible net increase in alkalinity generation attributable to cation release from the sediments of lakes which have undergone acidification. 8. Establish that fluxes of some metals (e.g. Al and Fe) from the catchment to the sediments have increased in many systems undergoing acidification. 9. Determine the net maximum alkalinity generation represented by the net sulfate reduction and storage in the sediment. 10. Estimate temporal variations in the speciation of metals retained in the sediment, caused by altered chemical conditions in the catchment soils, streams, and lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00050935
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errors in pH measurement with colorimetric indicators in low alkalinity waters (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 107 (1983), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: pH ; alkalinity ; indicators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory and field studies were conducted to evaluate the reliability of colorimetric pH indicators in dilute, acidic surface waters in New England. Laboratory studies consisted of comparing colorimetric and electrometric pH results in synthetic solutions with a range of ionic strength and buffering capacity. Field studies involved simultaneous colorimetric and electrometric pH determinations in 52 New England lakes with differing water chemistry. Colorimetric indicators deviated from electrometric pH results at low alkalinities and near the end of their operating range. They agreed with electrometric values, within 0.2 unit, at alkalinities of 20 µeq 1-1 and greater, or near the center of their operating range. Changing ionic strength without changing buffering capacity did not affect results. When indicators were selected that bracketed sample pH, colorimetric determinations of pH in New England lakes agreed well with electrometric determinations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126704
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