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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (7)
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  • 1
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    The elemental composition of asteroid 433 eros: results of the NEAR-shoemaker X-ray spectrometer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: We report major element composition ratios for regions of the asteroid 433 Eros imaged during two solar flares and quiet sun conditions during the period of May to July 2000. Low aluminum abundances for all regions argue against global differentiation of Eros. Magnesium/silicon, aluminum/silicon, calcium/silicon, and iron/silicon ratios are best interpreted as a relatively primitive, chondritic composition. Marked depletions in sulfur and possible aluminum and calcium depletions, relative to ordinary chondrites, may represent signatures of limited partial melting or impact volatilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trombka -- Squyres -- Bruckner -- Boynton -- Reedy -- McCoy -- Gorenstein -- Evans -- Arnold -- Starr -- Nittler -- Murphy -- Mikheeva I -- McNutt Jr -- McClanahan -- McCartney -- Goldsten -- Gold -- Floyd -- Clark -- Burbine -- Bhangoo -- Bailey -- Petaev -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2101-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 691, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Department of Planetary Science, Spac.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11000107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Mercury's magnetosphere after MESSENGER's first flyby (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: Observations by MESSENGER show that Mercury's magnetosphere is immersed in a comet-like cloud of planetary ions. The most abundant, Na+, is broadly distributed but exhibits flux maxima in the magnetosheath, where the local plasma flow speed is high, and near the spacecraft's closest approach, where atmospheric density should peak. The magnetic field showed reconnection signatures in the form of flux transfer events, azimuthal rotations consistent with Kelvin-Helmholtz waves along the magnetopause, and extensive ultralow-frequency wave activity. Two outbound current sheet boundaries were observed, across which the magnetic field decreased in a manner suggestive of a double magnetopause. The separation of these current layers, comparable to the gyro-radius of a Na+ pickup ion entering the magnetosphere after being accelerated in the magnetosheath, may indicate a planetary ion boundary layer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slavin, James A -- Acuna, Mario H -- Anderson, Brian J -- Baker, Daniel N -- Benna, Mehdi -- Gloeckler, George -- Gold, Robert E -- Ho, George C -- Killen, Rosemary M -- Korth, Haje -- Krimigis, Stamatios M -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Nittler, Larry R -- Raines, Jim M -- Schriver, David -- Solomon, Sean C -- Starr, Richard D -- Travnicek, Pavel -- Zurbuchen, Thomas H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):85-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1159040.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. james.a.slavin@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    The major-element composition of Mercury's surface from MESSENGER X-ray spectrometry (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: X-ray fluorescence spectra obtained by the MESSENGER spacecraft orbiting Mercury indicate that the planet's surface differs in composition from those of other terrestrial planets. Relatively high Mg/Si and low Al/Si and Ca/Si ratios rule out a lunarlike feldspar-rich crust. The sulfur abundance is at least 10 times higher than that of the silicate portion of Earth or the Moon, and this observation, together with a low surface Fe abundance, supports the view that Mercury formed from highly reduced precursor materials, perhaps akin to enstatite chondrite meteorites or anhydrous cometary dust particles. Low Fe and Ti abundances do not support the proposal that opaque oxides of these elements contribute substantially to Mercury's low and variable surface reflectance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nittler, Larry R -- Starr, Richard D -- Weider, Shoshana Z -- McCoy, Timothy J -- Boynton, William V -- Ebel, Denton S -- Ernst, Carolyn M -- Evans, Larry G -- Goldsten, John O -- Hamara, David K -- Lawrence, David J -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Schlemm, Charles E 2nd -- Solomon, Sean C -- Sprague, Ann L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1847-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1211567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. lnittler@ciw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Radioactive elements on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER: implications for the planet's formation and evolution (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: The MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer measured the average surface abundances of the radioactive elements potassium (K, 1150 +/- 220 parts per million), thorium (Th, 220 +/- 60 parts per billion), and uranium (U, 90 +/- 20 parts per billion) in Mercury's northern hemisphere. The abundance of the moderately volatile element K, relative to Th and U, is inconsistent with physical models for the formation of Mercury requiring extreme heating of the planet or its precursor materials, and supports formation from volatile-containing material comparable to chondritic meteorites. Abundances of K, Th, and U indicate that internal heat production has declined substantially since Mercury's formation, consistent with widespread volcanism shortly after the end of late heavy bombardment 3.8 billion years ago and limited, isolated volcanic activity since.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peplowski, Patrick N -- Evans, Larry G -- Hauck, Steven A 2nd -- McCoy, Timothy J -- Boynton, William V -- Gillis-Davis, Jeffery J -- Ebel, Denton S -- Goldsten, John O -- Hamara, David K -- Lawrence, David J -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Nittler, Larry R -- Solomon, Sean C -- Rhodes, Edgar A -- Sprague, Ann L -- Starr, Richard D -- Stockstill-Cahill, Karen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1850-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1211576.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. patrick.peplowski@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    MESSENGER observations of extreme loading and unloading of Mercury's magnetic tail (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: During MESSENGER's third flyby of Mercury, the magnetic field in the planet's magnetic tail increased by factors of 2 to 3.5 over intervals of 2 to 3 minutes. Magnetospheric substorms at Earth are powered by similar tail loading, but the amplitude is lower by a factor of approximately 10 and typical durations are approximately 1 hour. The extreme tail loading observed at Mercury implies that the relative intensity of substorms must be much larger than at Earth. The correspondence between the duration of tail field enhancements and the characteristic time for the Dungey cycle, which describes plasma circulation through Mercury's magnetosphere, suggests that such circulation determines the substorm time scale. A key aspect of tail unloading during terrestrial substorms is the acceleration of energetic charged particles, but no acceleration signatures were seen during the MESSENGER flyby.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slavin, James A -- Anderson, Brian J -- Baker, Daniel N -- Benna, Mehdi -- Boardsen, Scott A -- Gloeckler, George -- Gold, Robert E -- Ho, George C -- Korth, Haje -- Krimigis, Stamatios M -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Nittler, Larry R -- Raines, Jim M -- Sarantos, Menelaos -- Schriver, David -- Solomon, Sean C -- Starr, Richard D -- Travnicek, Pavel M -- Zurbuchen, Thomas H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 6;329(5992):665-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1188067. Epub 2010 Jul 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Heliophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. james.a.slavin@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    MESSENGER observations of transient bursts of energetic electrons in Mercury's magnetosphere (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: The MESSENGER spacecraft began detecting energetic electrons with energies greater than 30 kilo-electron volts (keV) shortly after its insertion into orbit about Mercury. In contrast, no energetic protons were observed. The energetic electrons arrive as bursts lasting from seconds to hours and are most intense close to the planet, distributed in latitude from the equator to the north pole, and present at most local times. Energies can exceed 200 keV but often exhibit cutoffs near 100 keV. Angular distributions of the electrons about the magnetic field suggest that they do not execute complete drift paths around the planet. This set of characteristics demonstrates that Mercury's weak magnetic field does not support Van Allen-type radiation belts, unlike all other planets in the solar system with internal magnetic fields.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, George C -- Krimigis, Stamatios M -- Gold, Robert E -- Baker, Daniel N -- Slavin, James A -- Anderson, Brian J -- Korth, Haje -- Starr, Richard D -- Lawrence, David J -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Solomon, Sean C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1865-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1211141.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. george.ho@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Response to comment on "Hydrogen mapping of the lunar South Pole using the LRO neutron detector experiment LEND" (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: Critical comments from Lawrence et al. are considered on the capability of the collimated neutron telescope Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) for mapping lunar epithermal neutrons, as presented in our paper. We present two different analyses to show that our previous estimated count rates are valid and support the conclusions of that paper.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitrofanov, I G -- Boynton, W V -- Litvak, M L -- Sanin, A B -- Starr, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1058-d. doi: 10.1126/science.1203483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Space Research of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia. imitrofa@space.ru〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Moon
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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