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  • 1
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    Response (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprague, A L -- Kozlowski, R W -- Hunten, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 17;252(5008):975.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17843231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Caloris Basin: An Enhanced Source for Potassium in Mercury's Atmosphere (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-09-07
    Description: Enhanced abundances of neutral potassium (K) in the atmosphere of Mercury have been found above the longitude range containing Caloris Basin. Results of a large data set including six elongations of the planet between June 1986 and January 1988 show typical K column abundances of approximately 5.4 x 10(8) K atoms/cm(2). During the observing period in October 1987, when Caloris Basin was in view, the typical K column was approximately 2.7 x 10(9) K atoms/cm(2). Another large value (2.1 x 10(9) K atoms/cm(2)) was seen over the Caloris antipode in January 1988. This enhancement is consistent with an increased source of K from the well-fractured crust and regolith associated with this large impact basin. The phenomenon is localized because at most solar angles, thermal alkali atoms cannot move more than a few hundred kilometers from their source before being lost to ionization by solar ultraviolet radiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprague, A L -- Kozlowski, R W -- Hunten, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 7;249(4973):1140-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17831982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 3
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    MESSENGER observations of the composition of Mercury's ionized exosphere and plasma environment (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: The region around Mercury is filled with ions that originate from interactions of the solar wind with Mercury's space environment and through ionization of its exosphere. The MESSENGER spacecraft's observations of Mercury's ionized exosphere during its first flyby yielded Na+, O+, and K+ abundances, consistent with expectations from observations of neutral species. There are increases in ions at a mass per charge (m/q) = 32 to 35, which we interpret to be S+ and H2S+, with (S+ + H2S+)/(Na+ + Mg+) = 0.67 +/- 0.06, and from water-group ions around m/q = 18, at an abundance of 0.20 +/- 0.03 relative to Na+ plus Mg+. The fluxes of Na+, O+, and heavier ions are largest near the planet, but these Mercury-derived ions fill the magnetosphere. Doubly ionized ions originating from Mercury imply that electrons with energies less than 1 kiloelectron volt are substantially energized in Mercury's magnetosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zurbuchen, Thomas H -- Raines, Jim M -- Gloeckler, George -- Krimigis, Stamatios M -- Slavin, James A -- Koehn, Patrick L -- Killen, Rosemary M -- Sprague, Ann L -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Solomon, Sean C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):90-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1159314.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA. thomasz@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    MESSENGER observations of Mercury's exosphere: detection of magnesium and distribution of constituents (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous exosphere that is supplied primarily by the planet's surface materials and is known to contain sodium, potassium, and calcium. Observations by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer during MESSENGER's second Mercury flyby revealed the presence of neutral magnesium in the tail (anti-sunward) region of the exosphere, as well as differing spatial distributions of magnesium, calcium, and sodium atoms in both the tail and the nightside, near-planet exosphere. Analysis of these observations, supplemented by observations during the first Mercury flyby, as well as those by other MESSENGER instruments, suggests that the distinct spatial distributions arise from a combination of differences in source, transfer, and loss processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClintock, William E -- Vervack, Ronald J Jr -- Bradley, E Todd -- Killen, Rosemary M -- Mouawad, Nelly -- Sprague, Ann L -- Burger, Matthew H -- Solomon, Sean C -- Izenberg, Noam R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):610-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1172525.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. william.mcclintock@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Mercury's complex exosphere: results from MESSENGER's third flyby (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: During MESSENGER's third flyby of Mercury, the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer detected emission from ionized calcium concentrated 1 to 2 Mercury radii tailward of the planet. This measurement provides evidence for tailward magnetospheric convection of photoions produced inside the magnetosphere. Observations of neutral sodium, calcium, and magnesium above the planet's north and south poles reveal altitude distributions that are distinct for each species. A two-component sodium distribution and markedly different magnesium distributions above the two poles are direct indications that multiple processes control the distribution of even single species in Mercury's exosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vervack, Ronald J Jr -- McClintock, William E -- Killen, Rosemary M -- Sprague, Ann L -- Anderson, Brian J -- Burger, Matthew H -- Bradley, E Todd -- Mouawad, Nelly -- Solomon, Sean C -- Izenberg, Noam R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 6;329(5992):672-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1188572. Epub 2010 Jul 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. Ron.Vervack@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    The major-element composition of Mercury's surface from MESSENGER X-ray spectrometry (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: X-ray fluorescence spectra obtained by the MESSENGER spacecraft orbiting Mercury indicate that the planet's surface differs in composition from those of other terrestrial planets. Relatively high Mg/Si and low Al/Si and Ca/Si ratios rule out a lunarlike feldspar-rich crust. The sulfur abundance is at least 10 times higher than that of the silicate portion of Earth or the Moon, and this observation, together with a low surface Fe abundance, supports the view that Mercury formed from highly reduced precursor materials, perhaps akin to enstatite chondrite meteorites or anhydrous cometary dust particles. Low Fe and Ti abundances do not support the proposal that opaque oxides of these elements contribute substantially to Mercury's low and variable surface reflectance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nittler, Larry R -- Starr, Richard D -- Weider, Shoshana Z -- McCoy, Timothy J -- Boynton, William V -- Ebel, Denton S -- Ernst, Carolyn M -- Evans, Larry G -- Goldsten, John O -- Hamara, David K -- Lawrence, David J -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Schlemm, Charles E 2nd -- Solomon, Sean C -- Sprague, Ann L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1847-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1211567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. lnittler@ciw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
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    Radioactive elements on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER: implications for the planet's formation and evolution (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: The MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer measured the average surface abundances of the radioactive elements potassium (K, 1150 +/- 220 parts per million), thorium (Th, 220 +/- 60 parts per billion), and uranium (U, 90 +/- 20 parts per billion) in Mercury's northern hemisphere. The abundance of the moderately volatile element K, relative to Th and U, is inconsistent with physical models for the formation of Mercury requiring extreme heating of the planet or its precursor materials, and supports formation from volatile-containing material comparable to chondritic meteorites. Abundances of K, Th, and U indicate that internal heat production has declined substantially since Mercury's formation, consistent with widespread volcanism shortly after the end of late heavy bombardment 3.8 billion years ago and limited, isolated volcanic activity since.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peplowski, Patrick N -- Evans, Larry G -- Hauck, Steven A 2nd -- McCoy, Timothy J -- Boynton, William V -- Gillis-Davis, Jeffery J -- Ebel, Denton S -- Goldsten, John O -- Hamara, David K -- Lawrence, David J -- McNutt, Ralph L Jr -- Nittler, Larry R -- Solomon, Sean C -- Rhodes, Edgar A -- Sprague, Ann L -- Starr, Richard D -- Stockstill-Cahill, Karen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1850-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1211576.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA. patrick.peplowski@jhuapl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Mars' south polar Ar enhancement: a tracer for south polar seasonal meridional mixing (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: The gamma ray spectrometer on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft measured an enhancement of atmospheric argon over southern high latitudes during autumn followed by dissipation during winter and spring. Argon does not freeze at temperatures normal for southern winter (approximately 145 kelvin) and is left in the atmosphere, enriched relative to carbon dioxide (CO2), as the southern seasonal cap of CO2 frost accumulates. Calculations of seasonal transport of argon into and out of southern high latitudes point to meridional (north-south) mixing throughout southern winter and spring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprague, A L -- Boynton, W V -- Kerry, K E -- Janes, D M -- Hunten, D M -- Kim, K J -- Reedy, R C -- Metzger, A E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1364-7. Epub 2004 Oct 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 1629 East University Boulevard, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA. sprague@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Argon ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Mathematics ; Seasons ; Spectrometry, Gamma ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Evidence for a basalt-free surface on Mercury and implications for internal heat (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1995-06-09
    Description: Microwave and mid-infrared observations reveal that Mercury's surface contains less FeO + TiO2 and at least as much feldspar as the lunar highlands. The results are compatible with the high albedo (brightness) of Mercury's surface at visible wavelengths in suggesting a rock and soil composition that is devoid of basalt, the primary differentiate of terrestrial mantles. The occurrence of a basalt-free, highly differentiated crust is in accord with recent models of the planet's thermal evolution and suggests that Mercury has retained a hot interior as a result of a combination of inefficient mantle convection and minimal volcanic heat loss.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jeanloz, R -- Mitchell, D L -- Sprague, A L -- de Pater, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jun 9;268(5216):1455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7770770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ferrous Compounds/*analysis ; Hot Temperature ; *Mercury (Planet) ; Minerals/*analysis ; Silicates/*analysis ; Titanium/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Mercury's exosphere: observations during MESSENGER's First Mercury flyby (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: During MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby, the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer measured Mercury's exospheric emissions, including those from the antisunward sodium tail, calcium and sodium close to the planet, and hydrogen at high altitudes on the dayside. Spatial variations indicate that multiple source and loss processes generate and maintain the exosphere. Energetic processes connected to the solar wind and magnetospheric interaction with the planet likely played an important role in determining the distributions of exospheric species during the flyby.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClintock, William E -- Bradley, E Todd -- Vervack, Ronald J Jr -- Killen, Rosemary M -- Sprague, Ann L -- Izenberg, Noam R -- Solomon, Sean C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):92-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1159467.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. william.mcclintock@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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