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  • 1
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    Dynamic Evolution of Endogenous Retrovirus-Derived Genes Expressed in Bovine Conceptuses during the Period of Placentation (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-09
    Description: In evolution of mammals, some of essential genes for placental development are known to be of retroviral origin, as syncytin-1 derived from an envelope ( env ) gene of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) aids in the cell fusion of placenta in humans. Although the placenta serves the same function in all placental mammals, env -derived genes responsible for trophoblast cell fusion and maternal immune tolerance differ among species and remain largely unidentified in the bovine species. To examine env -derived genes playing a role in the bovine placental development comprehensively, we determined the transcriptomic profiles of bovine conceptuses during three crucial windows of implantation periods using a high-throughput sequencer. The sequence reads were mapped into the bovine genome, in which ERV candidates were annotated using RetroTector © (7,624 and 1,542 for ERV-derived and env -derived genes, respectively). The mapped reads showed that approximately 18% (284 genes) of env -derived genes in the genome were expressed during placenta formation, and approximately 4% (63 genes) were detected for all days examined. We verified three env -derived genes that are expressed in trophoblast cells by polymerase chain reaction. Out of these three, the sequence of env -derived gene with the longest open reading frame (named BERV-P env ) was found to show high expression levels in trophoblast cell lines and to be similar to those of syncytin-Car1 genes found in dogs and cats, despite their disparate origins. These results suggest that placentation depends on various retrovirus-derived genes that could have replaced endogenous predecessors during evolution.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    H-InvDB in 2013: an omics study platform for human functional gene and transcript discovery (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-20
    Description: H-InvDB ( http://www.h-invitational.jp/ ) is a comprehensive human gene database started in 2004. In the latest version, H-InvDB 8.0, a total of 244 709 human complementary DNA was mapped onto the hg19 reference genome and 43 829 gene loci, including nonprotein-coding ones, were identified. Of these loci, 35 631 were identified as potential protein-coding genes, and 22 898 of these were identical to known genes. In our analysis, 19 309 annotated genes were specific to H-InvDB and not found in RefSeq and Ensembl. In fact, 233 genes of the 19 309 turned out to have protein functions in this version of H-InvDB; they were annotated as unknown protein functions in the previous version. Furthermore, 11 genes were identified as known Mendelian disorder genes. It is advantageous that many biologically functional genes are hidden in the H-InvDB unique genes. As large-scale proteomic projects have been conducted to elucidate the functions of all human proteins, we have enhanced the proteomic information with an advanced protein view and new subdatabase of protein complexes (Protein Complex Database with quality index). We propose that H-InvDB is an important resource for finding novel candidate targets for medical care and drug development.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-09-06
    Description: This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carninci, P -- Kasukawa, T -- Katayama, S -- Gough, J -- Frith, M C -- Maeda, N -- Oyama, R -- Ravasi, T -- Lenhard, B -- Wells, C -- Kodzius, R -- Shimokawa, K -- Bajic, V B -- Brenner, S E -- Batalov, S -- Forrest, A R R -- Zavolan, M -- Davis, M J -- Wilming, L G -- Aidinis, V -- Allen, J E -- Ambesi-Impiombato, A -- Apweiler, R -- Aturaliya, R N -- Bailey, T L -- Bansal, M -- Baxter, L -- Beisel, K W -- Bersano, T -- Bono, H -- Chalk, A M -- Chiu, K P -- Choudhary, V -- Christoffels, A -- Clutterbuck, D R -- Crowe, M L -- Dalla, E -- Dalrymple, B P -- de Bono, B -- Della Gatta, G -- di Bernardo, D -- Down, T -- Engstrom, P -- Fagiolini, M -- Faulkner, G -- Fletcher, C F -- Fukushima, T -- Furuno, M -- Futaki, S -- Gariboldi, M -- Georgii-Hemming, P -- Gingeras, T R -- Gojobori, T -- Green, R E -- Gustincich, S -- Harbers, M -- Hayashi, Y -- Hensch, T K -- Hirokawa, N -- Hill, D -- Huminiecki, L -- Iacono, M -- Ikeo, K -- Iwama, A -- Ishikawa, T -- Jakt, M -- Kanapin, A -- Katoh, M -- Kawasawa, Y -- Kelso, J -- Kitamura, H -- Kitano, H -- Kollias, G -- Krishnan, S P T -- Kruger, A -- Kummerfeld, S K -- Kurochkin, I V -- Lareau, L F -- Lazarevic, D -- Lipovich, L -- Liu, J -- Liuni, S -- McWilliam, S -- Madan Babu, M -- Madera, M -- Marchionni, L -- Matsuda, H -- Matsuzawa, S -- Miki, H -- Mignone, F -- Miyake, S -- Morris, K -- Mottagui-Tabar, S -- Mulder, N -- Nakano, N -- Nakauchi, H -- Ng, P -- Nilsson, R -- Nishiguchi, S -- Nishikawa, S -- Nori, F -- Ohara, O -- Okazaki, Y -- Orlando, V -- Pang, K C -- Pavan, W J -- Pavesi, G -- Pesole, G -- Petrovsky, N -- Piazza, S -- Reed, J -- Reid, J F -- Ring, B Z -- Ringwald, M -- Rost, B -- Ruan, Y -- Salzberg, S L -- Sandelin, A -- Schneider, C -- Schonbach, C -- Sekiguchi, K -- Semple, C A M -- Seno, S -- Sessa, L -- Sheng, Y -- Shibata, Y -- Shimada, H -- Shimada, K -- Silva, D -- Sinclair, B -- Sperling, S -- Stupka, E -- Sugiura, K -- Sultana, R -- Takenaka, Y -- Taki, K -- Tammoja, K -- Tan, S L -- Tang, S -- Taylor, M S -- Tegner, J -- Teichmann, S A -- Ueda, H R -- van Nimwegen, E -- Verardo, R -- Wei, C L -- Yagi, K -- Yamanishi, H -- Zabarovsky, E -- Zhu, S -- Zimmer, A -- Hide, W -- Bult, C -- Grimmond, S M -- Teasdale, R D -- Liu, E T -- Brusic, V -- Quackenbush, J -- Wahlestedt, C -- Mattick, J S -- Hume, D A -- Kai, C -- Sasaki, D -- Tomaru, Y -- Fukuda, S -- Kanamori-Katayama, M -- Suzuki, M -- Aoki, J -- Arakawa, T -- Iida, J -- Imamura, K -- Itoh, M -- Kato, T -- Kawaji, H -- Kawagashira, N -- Kawashima, T -- Kojima, M -- Kondo, S -- Konno, H -- Nakano, K -- Ninomiya, N -- Nishio, T -- Okada, M -- Plessy, C -- Shibata, K -- Shiraki, T -- Suzuki, S -- Tagami, M -- Waki, K -- Watahiki, A -- Okamura-Oho, Y -- Suzuki, H -- Kawai, J -- Hayashizaki, Y -- FANTOM Consortium -- RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group and Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group) -- TGM03P17/Telethon/Italy -- TGM06S01/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 2;309(5740):1559-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Complementary/chemistry ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice/*genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA/chemistry/classification ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Untranslated/chemistry ; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid ; *Terminator Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription Initiation Site ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Asia harbors substantial cultural and linguistic diversity, but the geographic structure of genetic variation across the continent remains enigmatic. Here we report a large-scale survey of autosomal variation from a broad geographic sample of Asian human populations. Our results show that genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography. Most populations show relatedness within ethnic/linguistic groups, despite prevalent gene flow among populations. More than 90% of East Asian (EA) haplotypes could be found in either Southeast Asian (SEA) or Central-South Asian (CSA) populations and show clinal structure with haplotype diversity decreasing from south to north. Furthermore, 50% of EA haplotypes were found in SEA only and 5% were found in CSA only, indicating that SEA was a major geographic source of EA populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium -- Abdulla, Mahmood Ameen -- Ahmed, Ikhlak -- Assawamakin, Anunchai -- Bhak, Jong -- Brahmachari, Samir K -- Calacal, Gayvelline C -- Chaurasia, Amit -- Chen, Chien-Hsiun -- Chen, Jieming -- Chen, Yuan-Tsong -- Chu, Jiayou -- Cutiongco-de la Paz, Eva Maria C -- De Ungria, Maria Corazon A -- Delfin, Frederick C -- Edo, Juli -- Fuchareon, Suthat -- Ghang, Ho -- Gojobori, Takashi -- Han, Junsong -- Ho, Sheng-Feng -- Hoh, Boon Peng -- Huang, Wei -- Inoko, Hidetoshi -- Jha, Pankaj -- Jinam, Timothy A -- Jin, Li -- Jung, Jongsun -- Kangwanpong, Daoroong -- Kampuansai, Jatupol -- Kennedy, Giulia C -- Khurana, Preeti -- Kim, Hyung-Lae -- Kim, Kwangjoong -- Kim, Sangsoo -- Kim, Woo-Yeon -- Kimm, Kuchan -- Kimura, Ryosuke -- Koike, Tomohiro -- Kulawonganunchai, Supasak -- Kumar, Vikrant -- Lai, Poh San -- Lee, Jong-Young -- Lee, Sunghoon -- Liu, Edison T -- Majumder, Partha P -- Mandapati, Kiran Kumar -- Marzuki, Sangkot -- Mitchell, Wayne -- Mukerji, Mitali -- Naritomi, Kenji -- Ngamphiw, Chumpol -- Niikawa, Norio -- Nishida, Nao -- Oh, Bermseok -- Oh, Sangho -- Ohashi, Jun -- Oka, Akira -- Ong, Rick -- Padilla, Carmencita D -- Palittapongarnpim, Prasit -- Perdigon, Henry B -- Phipps, Maude Elvira -- Png, Eileen -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- Salvador, Jazelyn M -- Sandraling, Yuliana -- Scaria, Vinod -- Seielstad, Mark -- Sidek, Mohd Ros -- Sinha, Amit -- Srikummool, Metawee -- Sudoyo, Herawati -- Sugano, Sumio -- Suryadi, Helena -- Suzuki, Yoshiyuki -- Tabbada, Kristina A -- Tan, Adrian -- Tokunaga, Katsushi -- Tongsima, Sissades -- Villamor, Lilian P -- Wang, Eric -- Wang, Ying -- Wang, Haifeng -- Wu, Jer-Yuarn -- Xiao, Huasheng -- Xu, Shuhua -- Yang, Jin Ok -- Shugart, Yin Yao -- Yoo, Hyang-Sook -- Yuan, Wentao -- Zhao, Guoping -- Zilfalil, Bin Alwi -- Indian Genome Variation Consortium -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1541-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1177074.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics/history ; Bayes Theorem ; Cluster Analysis ; *Emigration and Immigration/history ; Ethnic Groups/*genetics/history ; Gene Flow ; Genotype ; Geography ; *Haplotypes ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Language ; Linguistics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phylogeny ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Principal Component Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Different Endosymbiotic Interactions in Two Hydra Species Reflect the Evolutionary History of Endosymbiosis (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Endosymbiosis is an important evolutionary event for organisms, and there is widespread interest in understanding the evolution of endosymbiosis establishment. Hydra is one of the most suitable organisms for studying the evolution of endosymbiosis. Within the genus Hydra , H. viridissima and H. vulgaris show endosymbiosis with green algae. Previous studies suggested that the endosymbiosis in H. vulgaris took place much more recently than that in H. viridissima , noting that the establishment of the interaction between H. vulgaris and its algae is not as stable as in H. viridissima. To investigate the on-going process of endosymbiosis, we first compared growth and tolerance to starvation in symbiotic and aposymbiotic polyps of both species. The results revealed that symbiotic H. viridissima had a higher growth rate and greater tolerance to starvation than aposymbiotic polyps. By contrast, growth of symbiotic H. vulgaris was identical to that of aposymbiotic polyps, and symbiotic H. vulgaris was less tolerant to starvation. Moreover, our gene expression analysis showed a pattern of differential gene expression in H. viridissima similar to that in other endosymbiotically established organisms, and contrary to that observed in H. vulgaris . We also showed that H. viridissima could cope with oxidative stress that caused damage, such as cell death, in H. vulgaris . These observations support the idea that oxidative stress related genes play an important role in the on-going process of endosymbiosis evolution. The different evolutionary stages of endosymbiosis studied here provide a deeper insight into the evolutionary processes occurring toward a stable endosymbiosis.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Challenges and Opportunities of Airborne Metagenomics (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-08
    Description: Recent metagenomic studies of environments, such as marine and soil, have significantly enhanced our understanding of the diverse microbial communities living in these habitats and their essential roles in sustaining vast ecosystems. The increase in the number of publications related to soil and marine metagenomics is in sharp contrast to those of air, yet airborne microbes are thought to have significant impacts on many aspects of our lives from their potential roles in atmospheric events such as cloud formation, precipitation, and atmospheric chemistry to their major impact on human health. In this review, we will discuss the current progress in airborne metagenomics, with a special focus on exploring the challenges and opportunities of undertaking such studies. The main challenges of conducting metagenomic studies of airborne microbes are as follows: 1) Low density of microorganisms in the air, 2) efficient retrieval of microorganisms from the air, 3) variability in airborne microbial community composition, 4) the lack of standardized protocols and methodologies, and 5) DNA sequencing and bioinformatics-related challenges. Overcoming these challenges could provide the groundwork for comprehensive analysis of airborne microbes and their potential impact on the atmosphere, global climate, and our health. Metagenomic studies offer a unique opportunity to examine viral and bacterial diversity in the air and monitor their spread locally or across the globe, including threats from pathogenic microorganisms. Airborne metagenomic studies could also lead to discoveries of novel genes and metabolic pathways relevant to meteorological and industrial applications, environmental bioremediation, and biogeochemical cycles.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    DESM: portal for microbial knowledge exploration systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Microorganisms produce an enormous variety of chemical compounds. It is of general interest for microbiology and biotechnology researchers to have means to explore information about molecular and genetic basis of functioning of different microorganisms and their ability for bioproduction. To enable such exploration, we compiled 45 topic-specific knowledgebases (KBs) accessible through DESM portal ( www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/desm ). The KBs contain information derived through text-mining of PubMed information and complemented by information data-mined from various other resources (e.g. ChEBI, Entrez Gene, GO, KOBAS, KEGG, UniPathways, BioGrid). All PubMed records were indexed using 4 538 278 concepts from 29 dictionaries, with 1 638 986 records utilized in KBs. Concepts used are normalized whenever possible. Most of the KBs focus on a particular type of microbial activity, such as production of biocatalysts or nutraceuticals. Others are focused on specific categories of microorganisms, e.g. streptomyces or cyanobacteria. KBs are all structured in a uniform manner and have a standardized user interface. Information exploration is enabled through various searches. Users can explore statistically most significant concepts or pairs of concepts, generate hypotheses, create interactive networks of associated concepts and export results. We believe DESM will be a useful complement to the existing resources to benefit microbiology and biotechnology research.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Evolutionary Transitions of MicroRNA-Target Pairs (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-06
    Description: How newly generated microRNA (miRNA) genes are integrated into gene regulatory networks during evolution is fundamental in understanding the molecular and evolutionary bases of robustness and plasticity in gene regulation. A recent model proposed that after the birth of a miRNA, the miRNA is generally integrated into the network by decreasing the number of target genes during evolution. However, this decreasing model remains to be carefully examined by considering in vivo conditions. In this study, we therefore compared the number of target genes among miRNAs with different ages, combining experiments with bioinformatics predictions. First, we focused on three Drosophila miRNAs with different ages. As a result, we found that an older miRNA has a greater number of target genes than a younger miRNA, suggesting the increasing number of targets for each miRNA during evolution (increasing model). To further confirm our results, we also predicted all target genes for all miRNAs in D. melanogaster , considering co-expression of miRNAs and mRNAs in vivo . The results obtained also do not support the decreasing model but are reasonably consistent with the increasing model of miRNA-target pairs. Furthermore, our large-scale analyses of currently available experimental data of miRNA-target pairs also showed a weak but the same trend in humans. These results indicate that the current decreasing model of miRNA-target pairs should be reconsidered and the increasing model may be more appropriate to explain the evolutionary transitions of miRNA-target pairs in many organisms.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Evolution of Bioluminescence in Marine Planktonic Copepods (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-16
    Description: Copepods are the dominant taxa in zooplankton communities of the ocean worldwide. Although bioluminescence of certain copepods has been known for more than a 100 years, there is very limited information about the structure and evolutionary history of copepod luciferase genes. Here, we report the cDNA sequences of 11 copepod luciferases isolated from the superfamily Augaptiloidea in the order Calanoida. Highly conserved amino acid residues in two similar repeat sequences were confirmed by the multiple alignment of all known copepod luciferases. Copepod luciferases were classified into two groups of Metridinidae and Heterorhabdidae/Lucicutiidae families based on phylogenetic analyses, with confirmation of the interrelationships within the Calanoida using 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. The large diversity in the specific activity of planktonic homogenates and copepod luciferases that we were able to express in mammalian cultured cells illustrates the importance of bioluminescence as a protective function against predators. We also discuss the relationship between the evolution of copepod bioluminescence and the aspects of their ecological characteristics, such as swimming activity and vertical habitat.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Editor's Report for Genome Biology and Evolution, 2013 (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-08
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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