ALBERT

Beschreibung: Horse domestication revolutionized transport, communications, and warfare in prehistory, yet the identification of early domestication processes has been problematic. Here, we present three independent lines of evidence demonstrating domestication in the Eneolithic Botai Culture of Kazakhstan, dating to about 3500 B.C.E. Metrical analysis of horse metacarpals shows that Botai horses resemble Bronze Age domestic horses rather than Paleolithic wild horses from the same region. Pathological characteristics indicate that some Botai horses were bridled, perhaps ridden. Organic residue analysis, using delta13C and deltaD values of fatty acids, reveals processing of mare's milk and carcass products in ceramics, indicating a developed domestic economy encompassing secondary products.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Outram, Alan K -- Stear, Natalie A -- Bendrey, Robin -- Olsen, Sandra -- Kasparov, Alexei -- Zaibert, Victor -- Thorpe, Nick -- Evershed, Richard P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1332-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1168594.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK. a.k.outram@ex.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The tip of a projectile point made of mastodon bone is embedded in a rib of a single disarticulated mastodon at the Manis site in the state of Washington. Radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis show that the rib is associated with the other remains and dates to 13,800 years ago. Thus, osseous projectile points, common to the Beringian Upper Paleolithic and Clovis, were made and used during pre-Clovis times in North America. The Manis site, combined with evidence of mammoth hunting at sites in Wisconsin, provides evidence that people were hunting proboscideans at least two millennia before Clovis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waters, Michael R -- Stafford, Thomas W Jr -- McDonald, H Gregory -- Gustafson, Carl -- Rasmussen, Morten -- Cappellini, Enrico -- Olsen, Jesper V -- Szklarczyk, Damian -- Jensen, Lars Juhl -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Willerslev, Eske -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 21;334(6054):351-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1207663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA. mwaters@tamu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghavan, Maanasa -- DeGiorgio, Michael -- Albrechtsen, Anders -- Moltke, Ida -- Skoglund, Pontus -- Korneliussen, Thorfinn S -- Gronnow, Bjarne -- Appelt, Martin -- Gullov, Hans Christian -- Friesen, T Max -- Fitzhugh, William -- Malmstrom, Helena -- Rasmussen, Simon -- Olsen, Jesper -- Melchior, Linea -- Fuller, Benjamin T -- Fahrni, Simon M -- Stafford, Thomas Jr -- Grimes, Vaughan -- Renouf, M A Priscilla -- Cybulski, Jerome -- Lynnerup, Niels -- Lahr, Marta Mirazon -- Britton, Kate -- Knecht, Rick -- Arneborg, Jette -- Metspalu, Mait -- Cornejo, Omar E -- Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo -- Wang, Yong -- Rasmussen, Morten -- Raghavan, Vibha -- Hansen, Thomas V O -- Khusnutdinova, Elza -- Pierre, Tracey -- Dneprovsky, Kirill -- Andreasen, Claus -- Lange, Hans -- Hayes, M Geoffrey -- Coltrain, Joan -- Spitsyn, Victor A -- Gotherstrom, Anders -- Orlando, Ludovic -- Kivisild, Toomas -- Villems, Richard -- Crawford, Michael H -- Nielsen, Finn C -- Dissing, Jorgen -- Heinemeier, Jan -- Meldgaard, Morten -- Bustamante, Carlos -- O'Rourke, Dennis H -- Jakobsson, Mattias -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Willerslev, Eske -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 29;345(6200):1255832. doi: 10.1126/science.1255832.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 502 Wartik Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Arctic Centre at the Ethnographic Collections (SILA), National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada. ; Arctic Studies Center, Post Office Box 37012, Department of Anthropology, MRC 112, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. ; AMS 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ; Anthropological Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. AMS 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ; Department of Archaeology, Memorial University, Queen's College, 210 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Department of Archaeology, Memorial University, Queen's College, 210 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada. ; Canadian Museum of History, 100 Rue Laurier, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0M8, Canada. Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London N6A 5C2, Canada. ; Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland, UK. ; Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's Building, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland, UK. ; National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms kanal 12, 1220 Copenhagen, Denmark. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Post Office Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Ancestry.com DNA LLC, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA. ; Informatics and Bio-computing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A3, Canada. ; Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia. Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkortostan 450074, Russia. ; State Museum for Oriental Art, 12a, Nikitsky Boulevard, Moscow 119019, Russia. ; Greenland National Museum and Archives, Post Office Box 145, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland. ; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Department of Anthropology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Research Centre for Medical Genetics of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Moskvorechie, Moscow 115478, Russia. ; Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu 51010, Estonia. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. ; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉