ALBERT

Notes: A flour was prepared from peanut shells and added to peanut butter at levels of 0–1%. The flour increased firmness, had only a slight effect on color, and produced no sensory preferences of the peanut butter. Results indidate that the flour may have usefulness as a stabilizer of peanut butter.

Notes: A blend of sunflower flour/soy flour in the ratio 1:1, intended as a meat extender, was extruded in a Wenger X-25 extrusion cooker. The effect of adding textured sunflower/soy flour (TSP) to ground beef was determined by evaluating sensory properties and quality. After preliminary analyses of TSP, sensory tests were performed on a mixture of TSP/beef (30:70), using beef as a control. Panelists detected significant differences at the 1% level for texture and flavor, but could not decide which sample they liked better. Appearance, flavor, texture, juiciness and overall quality of TSP/beef were also evaluated. Appearance and flavor of TSP/beef was significantly lower (at the 5% level) than of beef, but texture of TSP/beef was significantly better. No significant differences were found for juiciness or overall quality between samples.

Notes: The thermoplastic extrusion technique using a Wenger, X-25 extrusion cooker was applied to mixtures of sunflower flour and soy flour in the ratios 1:1 (TSP1) and 3:1 (TSP2). The processing conditions were as follows: extrusion moisture 18%, feed rate 2750 g/min and extrusion temperature 145°C. Proximate analyses were performed on TSP, and TSP. The amino acid content of sunflower flour and of TSP, were determined in a Perkin-Elmer amino acid analyzer after acid hydrolysis of the proteins. The protein content of TSP, and TSP, was 46 and 48%, respectively, and both samples were tested for their PER in rats. The values obtained were 1.96 for TSP, and 1.63 for TSP. The casein control diets gave PERs of 2.54 and 2.48, respectively. Supplementation of TSP, with 0.15% DL-methionine improved its PER to 2.32 (P 〈 0.05), but 0.30% of the same amino acid failed to produce a further increase in protein efficiency ratio. Supplementation of TSP, with 0.1% L-lysine improved the PER to 2.09 but this value was not as good as methionine- supplemented TSP. Apparent digestibilities shown by these texturized, high protein flour mixtures may be considered satisfactory.

Notes: Differences in plant resistance to water flow, patterns of water transport through stems, and stomatal behavior were studied on three species native to the exceptionally hot and dry habitat of Death Valley, California (—, and Larrea divaricata).Dawn xylem water potentials in July for Atriplex were — 27.5 bar under natural conditions. Corresponding values for Tidestromia and Larrea were respectively — 8.0 bar and -32.0 bar (natural) and — 7.5 bar and — 18.0 bar (irrigated). Recovery of xylem water potential in covered field plants of an irrigated transplant garden reached a maximum value in July of — 9.5 bar in Atriplex, — 5.7 bar in Tidestromia and — 7.0 bar in Larrea.Resistance to free-energy transfer was used to study resistance to water transport through the plants. Under field conditions irrigated Atriplex plants gave a whole plant resistance of 20.70 × 106 s cm-1, as compared lo 18.37 × 106 s cm-1 for Larrea and 10.01 × 106 s cm-1 for Tidestromia. Plant resistance to water How computed by this method on Atriplex plants grown under laboratory conditions gave a value of 3.73 × 106 s cm-1 at 35C.Paths of water flow in field plants as investigated with injected acid fuchsin indicated a sectorial straight type vessel.The relationship between transpiration rates and xylem water potentials in Atriplex hymenelytra was linear between transpiration 1.28 μg cm-2 s-1 and 2.35 μg cm-2 s-1 at 35°C. These results indicate that according to the Van den Honert model for water transport, plant resistance to water flow remained rather constant at this temperature. In Atriplex grown under laboratory conditions there was an adjustment of plant resistance so change in water flux at 9.5°C and 25°C.When laboratory-grown plants of Atriplex and Tidestromia were subjected to water stress by withholding water. Tidestromia closed stomata and reduced transpiration rates at higher water potentials than in Atriplex.The ratio of vapor pressure gradients of leaf/air to leaf diffusion resistance was proportional lo transpiration rates.It is suggested that Atriplex hymenelytra is a species that combines strong regulation of water loss by stomata with low efficiency of the water transport system. These plants are unable to prevent depression of plant water potential as transpiration increases. On the other hand. Tidestromia oblongifolia has little stomatal regulation of transpiration and a highly efficient water transport system. These plants sustain very high rates of transpiration without significant decrease in plant water potential.

Notes: Abstract This paper studies the effect of harvesting a fraction of a population where the population growth is modelled by a linear age-dependent model, the Von Foerster equation. Two harvesting strategies are considered: the first is where a fraction of the population greater than agec is removed, and the second is where a fraction of the population of age greater thanc but less thanc+n is removed. In the case where the death rate and fertility rate are time independent, the effect of harvesting on the stable age distribution is examined.

Notes: Abstract A generalization of the “Gauge-invariant OPE model” to double pion photoproduction on3He is presented. Results for the total and differential cross-sections are shown. The relevance of double pion photoproduction in the nuclear shadowing of photons is remarked.

Notes: Abstract From the basic mechanisms of plastic deformation, a new equation for the isothermal relaxation has been derived, depending on two empirical parameters. Relaxation tests show the validity of the formula to explain isothermal relaxation losses in stress-relieved steels and to take into account the influence of the temperature up to 60°C and the initial stress up to 0.80 u.t.s. A new testing method, as deduced from the formula, for high temperature relaxation tests is proposed. Finally, the equation has been applied to test results from other authors obtaining again an excellent agreement with them.