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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 404-412 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dehnungskalorimetrie ; Poly-[α-aminosäuren] ; Poly-[L-alanin] ; Poly-[γ-methyl-D-glutamat] ; Poly-[L-leucin] ; Konformation ; Folien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Stretching calorimetric experiments on films of copolymers ofL-alanine and L-cysteine (mole ratio 97∶3, 95∶5 and 90∶10) show that in contrast to (Ala)n no exothermic process occurs also at (l- l o )/l o =0.1. Furthermore, the initially occurring „energyelastic“ process is a practical completely reversibel one. This behaviour deviating from that of the homopolymer is probably due to the formation of interchain disulfide crosslinks (-S-S-) by oxidation of thiol (-SH) groups. The behaviour of the corresponding copolymers, in which the thiol groups are blocked by carbobenzoxy (-OCOCH2C6H5) groups, is similar to that of the homopolymer. The remarkable differences in the results obtained with the corresponding copolymers containing -SH or -S-OCOCH2C6H5 may be due to sterical reasons and/or to differences in the intermolecular interactions of the comonomer side-chains. Films made of poly-[γ-methyl-D-glutamate] (PMDG) have a much higher stretchability than that of (Ala)n and the copolymers mentioned above. Stepwise stretching of PMDG-films at (l- l o)/l o above 0.024 causes-besides the initially occurring endothermic peak — an exothermic process. No corresponding endothermic peak during deloading is observed. This irreversible process obviously is caused by plastic flow of the PMDG. During continuously stretching to about (l- l o )/l o ,≈ 0.5 a pronounced exothermic peak at almost constant force is observed. The stepwise character of this peak suggests discontinuously changes in the order of the material. According to the IR-spectra of the films before and after stretching conformation changes of the PMDG are negligible. This is probably due to the superstructure of the films cast from 1,2-dichloroethane solution. In this case there are rodlikeα-helical aggregates dispersed in a low ordered matrix and therefore the stress essential for a conformation change fromα toβ is not exerted to theα-helices [4] like in the case of networks built fromα-helices. Similar results were obtained on films made of poly-[L-leucine] and a 1∶1 copolymer ofL- leucine andL-methionine. In this case however the force increases during the exothermic process, which may be caused by entanglements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dehnungskalorimetrische Untersuchungen an Folien von Copolymeren ausL-Alanin undL-Cystein im Molverhältnis 97∶3, 95∶5 und 90∶10 ergaben einmal, daß im Unterschied zu homopolymerem (Ala) n selbst bei Dehnungen bis zu 10% [(l- l o)/l o =0,1] kein exothermer Vorgang auftritt. Weiterhin ist der zu Beginn der Dehnung beobachtete „energieelastische“ Vorgang praktisch vollständig reversibel, wie der beim Entlasten auftretende, dem Betrag nach gleiche exotherme Peak zeigt. Dieses vom Homopolymeren abweichende Verhalten ist anscheinend durch die Bildung interchenarer Disulfidbrücken (-S-S-) durch Oxidation von SH-(Thiol-)Gruppen in den Folien bedingt. Die entsprechenden Copolymeren, in denen die Thiolgruppen durch Carbobenzoxygruppen (-OCOCH2C6H5) geschützt und daher die Bildung von-S-S-Brücken nicht möglich ist, zeigen ein dem Homopolymeren ähnliches Verhalten. Die recht unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse, die an den jeweils entsprechenden Copolymeren (-SH bzw.-S-OCOCH2C6H5) erhalten wurden, können einmal sterisch und andererseits durch die unterschiedlichen zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkungen der Seitengruppen der Comonomeren bedingt sein. Gegenüber den o. a. Polymerfolien sind die aus Poly-γ-methyl-D-glutamat] (PMDG) wesentlich dehnbarer. Bei stufenweiser Dehnung tritt 〉 2.4% Dehnung außer dem anfangs beobachteten „energieelastischen“ Peak ein exothermer Vorgang auf, dem beim Entlasten kein endothermer Prozeß entspricht. Dabei handelt es sich also um einen offensichtlich durch plastisches Fließen bedingten irreversiblen Vorgang. Bei kontinuierlicher Dehnung bis um ca. 50% wird nach dem anfänglichen endothermen Vorgang ein sehr starker exothermer Prozeß beobachtet, währenddem die Kraft praktisch konstant bleibt. Der stufenartige Verlauf des exothermen Peak deutet auf diskontinuierliche Umordnungsvorgänge im Material hin. Wie die IR-Spektren der Folien vor und nach dem Verstrecken zeigen, tritt eine Konformationsänderung dabei kaum auf. Dies ist anscheinend auf die Überstruktur der aus 1,2-Dichlorethan gegossenen Folien zurückzuführen, da hierbei dieα-helicalen Aggregate isoliert in einer Matrix vorliegen. Dadurch kann der für eine Konformationsumwandlung erforderliche Zug nicht auf dieα-Helices übertragen werden, so wie es bei Folien mit netzwerkartig angeordnetenα-Helices der Fall ist [4]. Ähnliche Resultate wurden an Folien aus Poly-[L-leucin] und einem 1∶1 Copolymeren ausL-Leucin undL-Methionin erhalten. Hierbei steigt allerdings die Kraft während des exothermen Vorgangs an, was darauf zurückgeführt werden kann, daß „entanglements“ gelöst werden müssen.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Anioneneinfluß ; Konformation ; Copoly-(L-Leu-L-Orn) zwischenmolekulare Wechselwirkungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The conformation of the alternating copoly-(L.-leucyl-L-ornithine) was studied in solutions of various salts and in salt-free water as well by CD technique. This copolymer is shown to undergo a conformational transition from a disordered to aβ-structure by adding salts or with increasing the pH to a alkaline region. Such a tendency to form aβ-structure is enhanced by neutral salts like KF, NaF, and NaCl and remarkably enhanced by water structure breaking anions like LiClO4 and NaClO4. Theβ-structure induced by perchlorate ions is stable up to 90 °C. This finding can be interpreted in terms of the shielding effect resulted from a specific binding of perchlorate ions with positively charged side chains. Aβ-I-structure is also induced by water structure making anions like Li2SO4 and Na2SO4, but theβ-structure inducing molecular mechanism is probably different from the case of water structure breaking anions, due to its electrochemical bivalency. This becomes obvious from the fact that above 0.005 mole/l precipition occurs and from model considerations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Konformation von alternierendem (L-Leu-L-Orn) n in den Lösungen verschiedener Salze (NaCl, NaF, KF, LiClO4, NaClO4, Li2SO4, Na2SO4) sowie in salzfreiem Wasser durch CD-Messungen in Abhängigkeit von Konzentration, Temperatur und pH-Wert untersucht. Dabei ergab sich, daß dieses Copolymere, das in salzfreiem Wasser in ungeordneter Konformation vorliegt, bei Salzzugabe oder bei pH ≈ 8 in eineβ-Konformation übergeht. Diese Tendenz zum Übergang in eineβ-Konformation ist besonders ausgeprägt in den Lösungen von Salzen mit stark wasserstrukturbrechendem Anion wie LiClO4 und NaClO4. In diesen Lösungen ist dieβ-Konformation bis 2≥ 90 °C stabil. Dieser Befund wird auf einen elektrostatischen Abschirmeffekt der von den positiv geladenen Seitengruppen spezifisch adsorbierten Perchlorationen zurückgeführt. Zwar werden auch von Salzen mit stark wasserstrukturbildenden Anionen wie Li2SO4 β-Strukturen induziert, jedoch ist wahrscheinlich infolge seiner doppeltnegativen Ladung der molekulare Mechanismus ein etwas anderer als im Fall der Perchlorationen. Hierauf deutet die Tatsache hin, daß in Sulfatlösungen bereits 〉 0.005 Mol/l Ausfällung eintritt.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Model calculations on the explosion of free gas clouds containing mixtures of hydrocarbons and air. The procedure presented permits a description of continuously and discontinuously accelerated explosions. The explosions considered are deflagrations, i. e. combustion-supported compression waves. It is possible to calculate, for a given rate of propagation of a flame front or the motion of a piston assigned in a model, the corresponding flow field (compression wave). The corresponding pressure, density, and velocity distributions can be utilized for safety considerations. Application of the results requires that the simulated acceleration processes can be transformed into real events. With the experimental results presently available this is possible only in very crude fashion and can serve only as a rough preliminary guide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 55 (1983), S. 931-939 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Motion of fine grained particles, suspended in turbulent flow. This article considers the motion of particles, suspended in turbulent flow. If the particles are sufficiently small to respond to turbulence, their motion includes stochastic components. Concerning processes like air classification or separation of fine powders the stochastic contribution - characterized by the conception of a particle diffusivity - the particle motion exhibits a detrimental influence. Sharpness of cut and separation efficiency are reduced. The paper aims to present the state of the art in particle diffusion. First, theoretical investigations are reported, attention being focused on the equation of motion of the particle which is the link between the motion of the fluid and the motion of the particle. Then, experimental results are reviewed. The following tendencies can be seen: Particles which response to turbulence of fluid flow show increasing diffusivity with increasing inertia. Field forces like gravity or electrical field forces exhibit a damping effect on diffusivity.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1980), S. 1071-1080 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Enthalpies of solution, dilution and mixing of several dextran fractions with different molecular weights (MW) and low MW carbohydrates were determined in water and dimethyl sulfoxide at 25°C. The enthalpies of solution of dextran increase in the oligomer range up to a MW of about 1000; for higher MWs the enthalpies of solution are almost constant. The enthalpies of dilution decrease strongly with increasing MW and remain constant for MWs higher than 2 000. The interaction parameter was found to depend on the concentration of the solute in both solvents. From the experimental results it can be concluded that dimethyl sulfoxide is a better solvent for glucose and dextran than water. In dilute solutions glucose interacts considerably more strongly with the solvent than dextran. The conformational properties of dextran are similar in both solvents; for MWs above 2 000 the degree of solvation is found to be independent from the MW.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 991-1001 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermal degradation of polystyrene (PS) was carried out in the absence of oxygen between 292 and 336°C. The formed volatile products were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of gas charomatography. It was found that the composition of the volatile fraction is a function of conversion and independent of temperature for most of the products. A radical chain mechanism is proposed to explain these experimental results.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2205-2212 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of branching on the radius of gyration and the hydrodynamic radius of dextran macromolecules was studied by elastic and quasielastic light scattering (ELS and QELS). The hydrodynamic radius is more sensitive to low levels of branching than the radius of gyration. At higher branching levels a saturation of the hydrodynamic radius rh is observed, while the radius of gyration rG still changes distinctly. The ratio rG/rh proves to be a measure of the flexibility of the macromolecules; the latter is increasing with molecular weight for short linear chains and is decreasing with increasing degree of branching. Measurements were carried out in water (thermodynamically good solvent) and in ethylene glycol (under theta conditions) on four series of dextran fractions having rather narrow molecular weight distributions.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 183 (1982), S. 1207-1218 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of polydisperse polystyrene samples with mol. wts. (M̄n) between 60000 and 22000 has been investigated at different temperatures under oxygen free conditions. Product analysis has been carried out by GPC. The experimental degradation could be simulated by a model consisting of scission and depolymerization. The dynamical behaviour of this model is expressed in a matrix from. The ratio of scission and depolymerization is constant for all polymers and different temperatures during degradation. Therefore, a master curve could be evaluated, which gives a general relation between the decrease of mol. wt. and the mass of volatiles. Finally a radical chain mechanism has been proposed in a lumped form which is consistent with the kinetic model and the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations into the corrosion processes on steel after one-time's chloride contaminationInvestigation of chloride adsorption and desorption on mild steel St 37 (1.0120) and austenitic stainless steel X 5 CrNi 189 (1.4301) showed chloride adsorption layer, determined radiochemically, depends upon the material, the state of metal surface layer, and its pretreatment. Ground surface of St 37 retains comparatively less chloride ions on washing than an unpretreated specimen. On the other hand the chloride could be removed from the austenitic steel by rinsing twice in unagitated washing medium which lowered the chloride content to below the detection level of 0,02 m̈g Cl-/cm2.Corrosion behaviour of specimens of 1.4301 in autoclave showed no difference with regards to corrosion in the test cycles of 300 and 400 h at 150 and 200° C whether or not the specimens were contaminated by chloride.Mild steels whose state of surface is similar to St 37 should be guarded against chloride contamination to prevent delayed damage. In case of steel similar to 1.4301 with regards to their surface characteristics cleaning the surface is relatively easy. Long time tests to assess risks of delayed damage are in progress and will be communicated later.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der Chlorid-Adsorption und -Desorption an Stahlproben aus St37 (1.0120) und X 5 CrNi 189 (1.4301) ergab, daß der radiochemisch gefundene Chlorid-Belag an den Stahloberflächen vom Material, seinem Oberflächenzustand und der Oberflächenverarbeitung abhängt. St 37 mit unbehandelter Oberfläche läßt sich von den untersuchten Proben am schlechtesten vom Chlorid reinigen. Bei St 37 mit geschliffener Oberfläche ergab sich eine wesentlich intensivere Reinigungswirkung. Bei austenitischem Stahl reichten zwei Wäschen in unbewegter Waschflüssigkeit, um den Chlorid-Gehalt unter die Nachweisgrenze von 0,02 m̈g Cl-/cm2 zu senken.Korrosionsversuche im Autoklaven bei 150° C bzw. 200° C an dem Stahl 1.4301 zeigten innerhalb der jeweiligen Versuchsdauer von 300 bis 400 h keine korrosionsmäßigen Unterschiede, unabhängig davon, ob die Proben chloridkontaminiert waren oder nicht.Bei Stählen, deren Oberflächengüte den untersuchten Proben des Stahls St 37 ähneln, sollte die Kontamination mit Chlorid vermieden werden, um Spätschäden sicher zu vermeiden. Bei Stählen, deren Oberflächenbeschaffenheit den Proben des Stahls 1.4301 entsprechen, läßt sich die Oberfläche relativ leicht reinigen. Um eine endgültige Aussage über die Gefährdung durch Spätschäden zu ermöglichen, muß das Ergebnis von Langzeitversuchen abgewartet werden. Nach dem Versuchsende wird hierüber eine kurze Mitteilung veröffentlicht werden.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 583-592 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the corrosion and corrosion protection of seawater cooled condensor tubes of copper-base alloys - Experiments with rotating samplesExperiments have been done on rotating disc and cylinder electrodes of CuZn20Al2, CuNi10Fe and CuNi30Fe in 3 w/o sodium chloride solution and in artificial sea water at 25 and 40 ° C.Erosion corrosion of sea water cooled tube condensors should be simulated and studied.The corrosion mechanism of copper base alloys in clean and polluted sea water was intensely studied with particular consideration to the influence of ammonia, sulfides and chlorine. The effectiveness of iron sulfate dosing was tested.With the rotating samples under test no erosion corrosion could be detected on free corroding specimens.
    Notes: An rotierenden Scheiben und Zylinderproben aus CuZn20Al2, CuNi10Fe und CuNi30Fe wurden Korrosionsversuche in 3%iger Natriumchloridlösung und in synthetischem Meerwasser bei 25 und 40 ° C durchgeführt. Dabei sollten auch die Vorgänge bei der Erosionskorrosion von meerwassergekühlten Rohrkondensatoren simuliert und untersucht werden. Es wurden umfangreiche Messungen zum Korrosionsmechanismus der Kupferbasislegierungen in sauberem und verunreinigtem Meerwasser durchgeführt, wobei der Einfluss von Ammoniak, Sulfiden und Chlor sowie die Wirksamkeit der Eisensulfatdosierung untersucht wurden. An den verwendeten rotierenden Proben konnte bei freier Korrosion keine Erosion erzeugt werden.
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