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  • Chemistry  (70)
  • Chitin synthetase  (4)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (70)
  • Springer  (4)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (74)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 120 (1987), S. 1255-1256 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reductive Arylation of Vinyl Trifluromethanesulfonates by Friedel-Crafts ReactionThe reaction of vinyl triflates 1 with benzene and toluene in the presence of aluminium trichloride gives alkyl-, alkenyl-, and 1,1-diarylalkanes 5, 6, 3, 9 depending on the structure of the substrate used. A mechanism for the reductive arylation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Chitin synthetase ; chitosomes ; Mucorales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stability of chitin synthetase in cell-free extracts from mycelial fungi was markedly improved by the presence of sucrose in the homogenization media. Breakage of mycelium in sucrose-containing buffer yielded enzyme preparations from which chitosomal chitin synthetase could be purified by a procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. Purified chitosomes catalyzed the synthesis of chitin microfibrils in vitro upon incubation with substrate and activators. Chitosomal chitin synthetase from the filamentous form of M. rouxii was similar to the enzyme from yeast cells, except for the poorer stability and diminished sensitivity to GlcNAc activation of the former.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 148 (1987), S. 280-285 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chitin synthetase ; Phycomyces blakesleeanus ; Calcium-calmodulin ; Proteases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of basal chitin synthetase in cell-free extracts from Phycomyces blakesleeanus were reduced by breakage of cells in the presence of EDTA or EGTA. Addition of Ca2+ to these extracts activated chitin synthetase. Maximal activation was obtained after 2 h at a Ca2+ concentration of 2–5 mM. Activation by calcium was not reduced by any protease inhibitor tested but benzamidine, whereas the weak proteolytic activity of the extracts was inhibited by antipain. Larger levels of chitin synthetase activation were obtained by the simultaneous addition of calcium and calmodulin in most, but not all extracts. This further activation by calmodulin was prevented by TFP. ATP or cAMP did not stimulate activation by calcium or calcium-calmodulin.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: “Slime” variant ; Neurospora ; Chitosomes ; Chitin synthetase ; Secretory vesicles ; Invertase ; Phosphatase ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells from the “slime” variant of Neurospora crassa were broken in isotonic conditions by use of triethanolamine buffer plus EDTA. After removal of large membranous structures by low-speed centrifugation, chitosomes and secretory vesicles were separated by means of gel filtration, precipitation of membranous contaminants with Concanavalin A, and centrifugation in sucrose or glycerol gradients. Polypeptidic composition of fractions enriched in secretory vesicles or chitosomes was found to be distinct. By these criteria we concluded that chitosomes and secretory vesicles represent different populations of microvesicles. Both microvesicular populations appeared free of endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolar contaminants as demonstrated by determination of appropriate enzymatic markers.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Vesicles ; Phycomyces ; Calcium ionophore ; Chitin synthetase ; Invertase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hyphal elongation, chitin synthesis in vivo, and invertase secretion inPhycomyces blakesleeanus were all inhibited almost instantly by the addition of 5–10 μM calcium ionophore A 23187. Protein biosynthesis was inhibited in these conditions by 30–50%. The ionophore did not affect cell respiration for at least 40 min. Effect on chitin biosynthesis was not due to alterations of the chitin synthetase levels or its activity; nor to impairement in GlcNAc metabolism. In drug-treated cells the number of apical vesicles was severely reduced even at very short periods of incubation, and these low numbers remained constant for at least 60 min of incubation with the ionophore. We suggest that the ionophore collapses the cellular calcium gradient and/or interferes with the normal electrical transhyphal current. As a consequence, formation and migration of apical vesicles are inhibited. These results are further evidence of the role of vesicles in fungal tip growth and exhibit the fact that active chitin synthetase is short-lived in vivo demanding its continuous supply by chitosomes to the cell surface.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 152 (1987), S. 79-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Untersuchung befaßt sich mit einigen kinetischen Merkmalen der Reaktion von n-Butylisocyanat mit Polyvinylalkohol ohne jeden Katalysator und unter Verwendung von Triethylendiamin als Katalysator. Die Struktur der resultierenden Polymeren wurde mit Hilfe der IR-, 1H-, und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie und chemischer Analyse ermittelt. Es wurden Vinylalkohol-Vinylbutylurethancopolymere (VAL-VBU) erhalten. Es ergab sich eine lineare Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von Polymer-, n-Butylisocyanat- und Triethylendiaminkonzentration. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante nimmt mit zunehmender Reaktionszeit ab. Das kann mit der sterischen Hinderung durch die Urethangruppen, die entlang der Polymerkette eingebaut sind, erklärt werden. Die Aktivierungsenergie ergab sich zu 49,9 kJ/mol. Eine kinetische Untersuchung der homogenen Hydrolyse von VAL-VBU-Copolymeren wurde durchgefilhrt als Funktion der Basenkonzentration, der Temperatur und des VBU Gehalts. Es zeigte sich, daß die homogene Hydrolyse als Reaktion 1 . Ordnung verliluft, sowohl im Hinblick auf die Hydroxylionen als auch auf den VBU-Gehalt. Die Aktivierungsenergie filr die basenkatalysierte Hydrolyse betragt 79,3 kJ/mol. Die heterogene Hydrolyse von VAL-VBU-Copolymeren im basischen Medium zeigte, daß keine Hydrolyse unter diesen Bedingungen stattfand.
    Notes: This study is concerned with some kinetic features of the reaction of n-butyl isocyanate with poly(vinyl alcohol) without any catalyst and using triethylene diamine as catalyst. The structure of the resulting polymers was determined by means of IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. Vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyl urethane (VAL-VBU) copolymers were obtained. It has been found a linear dependence of reaction rate on polymer, n-butyl isocyanate, and triethylene diamine concentrations. Reaction rate constant decreases as reaction time increases. It can be explained by steric hindrance phenomena due to urethane groups incorporated along the polymeric chain. The activation energy was found to be 49.9 kJ/mol. A kinetic study of the homogeneous hydrolysis of VAL-VBU copolymers has been made as a function of the base concentration, the temperature, and the VBU content. The homogeneous hydrolysis was found to be first order with respect to both hydroxyl ion and VBU contents. The activation energy for the base catalyzed homogeneous hydrolysis was found to be 79.3 kJ/mol. The heterogeneous hydrolysis of VAL-VBU copolymers in basic medium showed that no hydrolysis takes place under the conditions employed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 156 (1988), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue Diglycidylester wurden in Gegenwart von quaternären Ammoniumsalzen als Katalysator aus ihren entsprechenden Dicarbonsäuren und Epichlorhydrin hergestellt. Die neuen unsymmetrischen Produkte wurden durch spektroskopische Methoden identifiziert und als Monomere in einer Aushärtungsreaktion eingesetzt. Der Reaktionsverlauf wurde mittels IR-Spektroskopie verfolgt. Die Struktur einiger 1öslicher Zwischenprodukte wurde durch 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Das thermische Verhalten dieser ausgehärteten Epoxidharze wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notes: New diglycidyl esters coming from the corresponding diacids and epichlorohydrin were synthetized using a quaternary ammonium salt as a catalyst. The new asymmetric compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and employed as starting monomers in a crosslinking process. The course of the reactions was followed by IR spectroscopy. Some intermediate species were identified in the onset of the reactions by recording 13C-NMR spectra until the products became insoluble in the usual deuterated solvents. The thermal behaviour of these cured epoxy resins was also studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 4281-4284 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Structure and Stereoselectivity of 2-Norbornen-7-yl Radicals and CarbenoidsReduction of 7,7-diiodonorbornene (1) with Grignard reagents proceeds via the 7-iodo-2-norbornen-7-yl radical 2. From the observed syn-stereoselectivity, the absence of π-delocalization in 2 is inferred. This result agrees with the existence of an equilibrium mixture of two classical pyramidal structures (2a and 2b), in which the syn-isomer 2a predominates. The reaction of 1 with methyllithium takes place with anti-stereoselectivity; this fact proves that the anti-carbenoid 4b-M is more stable than the syn-isomer.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 2557-2560 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Selectivity in the Reaction of Carbocations with Nucleophiles, 2. Solvolytic Mechanisms of 7-Norbornyl TrifluoromethanesulfonatesThe reactions of 7,7-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)norbornane (4) with several metal cyanides in dipolar aprotic solvents are studied. The results obtained (Table 1) lead to the conclusion that the solvolysis of 7-substituted 7-norbornyl trifluoromethanesulfonates takes place either according to a kc mechanism or with fission of the S — O bond. In no instance is a C — O fission following an SN2 mechanism to be expected. - The selectivity of the reaction of the intermediate carbocations with nucleophiles cannot be explained by means of N+ correlations nor by the reactivity-selectivity relationship, but can be rationalized according to the HSAB principle.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 919-924 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Pyrimidinones ; Tautomerism ; AM1 calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Tautomerie von 2-Phenacyl-4-pyrimidinonen und verwandten Verbindungen3-Methyl-2-phenacyl-4-pyrimidinone 1, 2 werden durch Sulfidkontraktion synthetisiert. Aufgrund der NMR-Daten existieren die Verbindungen ausschließlich in der Benzoylmethylen-Form, sowohl in Lösung als auch als Festkörper. Diese Ergebnisse werden durch AM1-Berechnungen für die Stammverbindung bestätigt. Die Untersuchung des Tautomeren-Gleichgewichts mittels dieser semiempirischen Methode wurde auf andere Fälle von Enaminoketon/Enolimin-Tautomerie erweitert.
    Notes: 3-Methyl-2-phenacyl-4-pyrimidinones 1, 2 have been synthesized using the sulfide contraction. According to the NMR data, the compounds 1, 2 exist exclusively as the benzoylmethylene tautomers a both in solution and in the solid state. AM1 calculations of the parent system are in agreement with the experimental observations. The study of the tautomeric equilibrium by this semiempirical method has been extended to other cases of enamino-ketone/enolimine tautomerism.
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