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  • Articles  (3,972)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (3,466)
  • Annual Reviews
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1990-1994  (3,776)
  • 1965-1969  (109)
  • 1950-1954  (87)
  • Physics  (3,972)
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  • Articles  (3,972)
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  • 1
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    Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-19
    Description: Global warming caused by an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, is the direct result of greenhouse gas-induced radiative forcing. When a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered, this forcing differed substantially among 15 atmospheric general circulation models. Although there are several potential causes, the largest contributor was the carbon dioxide radiation parameterizations of the models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Zhang, M H -- Potter, G L -- Barker, H W -- Colman, R A -- Dazlich, D A -- Del Genio, A D -- Esch, M -- Fraser, J R -- Galin, V -- Gates, W L -- Hack, J J -- Ingram, W J -- Kiehl, J T -- Lacis, A A -- Le Treut, H -- Li, Z X -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Morcrette, J J -- Randall, D A -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Sokolov, A P -- Sporyshev, P V -- Taylor, K E -- Wang, W C -- Wetherald, R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1252-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: Snow feedback is expected to amplify global warming caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The conventional explanation is that a warmer Earth will have less snow cover, resulting in a darker planet that absorbs more solar radiation. An intercomparison of 17 general circulation models, for which perturbations of sea surface temperature were used as a surrogate climate change, suggests that this explanation is overly simplistic. The results instead indicate that additional amplification or moderation may be caused both by cloud interactions and longwave radiation. One measure of this net effect of snow feedback was found to differ markedly among the 17 climate models, ranging from weak negative feedback in some models to strong positive feedback in others.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Potter, G L -- Zhang, M H -- Blanchet, J P -- Chalita, S -- Colman, R -- Dazlich, D A -- Genio, A D -- Dymnikov, V -- Galin, V -- Jerrett, D -- Keup, E -- Lacis, A A -- LE Treut, H -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Mitchell, J F -- Morcrette, J J -- Norris, P M -- Randall, D A -- Rikus, L -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Schlese, U -- Sheinin, D A -- Slingo, J M -- Sokolov, A S -- Taylor, K E -- Washington, W M -- Wetherald, R T -- Yagai, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17751825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Role of beta gamma subunits of G proteins in targeting the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase to membrane-bound receptors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: The rate and extent of the agonist-dependent phosphorylation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors and rhodopsin by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) are markedly enhanced on addition of G protein beta gamma subunits. With a model peptide substrate it was demonstrated that direct activation of the kinase could not account for this effect. G protein beta gamma subunits were shown to interact directly with the COOH-terminal region of beta ARK, and formation of this beta ARK-beta gamma complex resulted in receptor-facilitated membrane localization of the enzyme. The beta gamma subunits of transducin were less effective at both enhancing the rate of receptor phosphorylation and binding to the COOH-terminus of beta ARK, suggesting that the enzyme preferentially binds specific beta gamma complexes. The beta gamma-mediated membrane localization of beta ARK serves to intimately link receptor activation to beta ARK-mediated desensitization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pitcher, J A -- Inglese, J -- Higgins, J B -- Arriza, J L -- Casey, P J -- Kim, C -- Benovic, J L -- Kwatra, M M -- Caron, M G -- Lefkowitz, R J -- 4R37-HL16039/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- GM 44944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1264-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Escherichia coli ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*pharmacology ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology ; beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Design, activity, and 2.8 A crystal structure of a C2 symmetric inhibitor complexed to HIV-1 protease (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-03
    Description: A two-fold (C2) symmetric inhibitor of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has been designed on the basis of the three-dimensional symmetry of the enzyme active site. The symmetric molecule inhibited both protease activity and acute HIV-1 infection in vitro, was at least 10,000-fold more potent against HIV-1 protease than against related enzymes, and appeared to be stable to degradative enzymes. The 2.8 angstrom crystal structure of the inhibitor-enzyme complex demonstrated that the inhibitor binds to the enzyme in a highly symmetric fashion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erickson, J -- Neidhart, D J -- VanDrie, J -- Kempf, D J -- Wang, X C -- Norbeck, D W -- Plattner, J J -- Rittenhouse, J W -- Turon, M -- Wideburg, N -- AI 27220/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):527-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer-Assisted Molecular Design, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Drug Design ; Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Gene Products, pol/*metabolism ; HIV Protease ; HIV-1/*enzymology ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protease Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Sugar Alcohols/*pharmacology ; Valine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Single-Crystal Epitaxial Thin Films of the Isotropic Metallic Oxides Sr1-xCaxRuO3 (0 le x le 1) (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-11
    Description: Single-crystal epitaxial thin films of the isotropic metallic oxides Sr1-xCaxRuO(3) (0 〈/= x 〈/= 1) were grown on miscut SrTiO(3)(100) substrates in situ by 90 degrees off-axis sputtering. These thin films exhibit low isotropic resistivities, excellent chemical and thermal stability, good surface smoothness, and high crystalline quality. Furthermore, the lattice parameters and magnetic properties can be varied by simply changing the strontium/calcium ratio. These epitaxial thin films, and their multilayer structures with other oxide materials, can be used for the fabrication of superconducting, ferroelectric, magneto-optic, and electro-optic devices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eom, C B -- Cava, R J -- Fleming, R M -- Phillips, J M -- Vandover, R B -- Marshall, J H -- Hsu, J W -- Krajewski, J J -- Peck, W F Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 11;258(5089):1766-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17831659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 6
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    Images from galileo of the venus cloud deck (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: Images of Venus taken at 418 (violet) and 986 [near-infrared (NIR)] nanometers show that the morphology and motions of large-scale features change with depth in the cloud deck. Poleward meridional velocities, seen in both spectral regions, are much reduced in the NIR In the south polar region the markings in the two wavelength bands are strongly anticorrelated. The images follow the changing state of the upper cloud layer downwind of the subsolar point, and the zonal flow field shows a longitudinal periodicity that may be coupled to the formation of large-scale planetary waves. No optical lightning was detected.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Belton, M J -- Gierasch, P J -- Smith, M D -- Helfenstein, P -- Schinder, P J -- Pollack, J B -- Rages, K A -- Ingersoll, A P -- Klaasen, K P -- Veverka, J -- Anger, C D -- Carr, M H -- Chapman, C R -- Davies, M E -- Fanale, F P -- Greeley, R -- Greenberg, R -- Head, J W 3rd -- Morrison, D -- Neukum, G -- Pilcher, C B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1531-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
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    Chemical loss of ozone in the arctic polar vortex in the winter of 1991-1992 (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-27
    Description: In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salawitch, R J -- Wofsy, S C -- Gottlieb, E W -- Lait, L R -- Newman, P A -- Schoeberl, M R -- Loewenstein, M -- Podolske, J R -- Strahan, S E -- Proffitt, M H -- Webster, C R -- May, R D -- Fahey, D W -- Baumgardner, D -- Dye, J E -- Wilson, J C -- Kelly, K K -- Elkins, J W -- Chan, K R -- Anderson, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 27;261(5125):1146-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17790349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
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    In situ stimulation of aerobic PCB biodegradation in Hudson River sediments (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-01-22
    Description: A 73-day field study of in situ aerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Hudson River shows that indigenous aerobic microorganisms can degrade the lightly chlorinated PCBs present in these sediments. Addition of inorganic nutrients, biphenyl, and oxygen enhanced PCB biodegradation, as indicated both by a 37 to 55 percent loss of PCBs and by the production of chlorobenzoates, intermediates in the PCB biodegradation pathway. Repeated inoculation with a purified PCB-degrading bacterium failed to improve biodegradative activity. Biodegradation was also observed under mixed but unamended conditions, which suggests that this process may occur commonly in river sediments, with implications for PCB fate models and risk assessments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harkness, M R -- McDermott, J B -- Abramowicz, D A -- Salvo, J J -- Flanagan, W P -- Stephens, M L -- Mondello, F J -- May, R J -- Lobos, J H -- Carroll, K M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 22;259(5094):503-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GE Corporate Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8424172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Bacteria, Aerobic/*metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Fresh Water ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*metabolism ; *Water Microbiology ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical
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  • 9
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    Lunar laser ranging: a continuing legacy of the apollo program (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-22
    Description: On 21 July 1969, during the first manned lunar mission, Apollo 11, the first retroreflector array was placed on the moon, enabling highly accurate measurements of the Earthmoon separation by means of laser ranging. Lunar laser ranging (LLR) turns the Earthmoon system into a laboratory for a broad range of investigations, including astronomy, lunar science, gravitational physics, geodesy, and geodynamics. Contributions from LLR include the three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy in the lunar ephemeris, a several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the measurement of the variations in the moon's rotation, and the verification of the principle of equivalence for massive bodies with unprecedented accuracy. Lunar laser ranging analysis has provided measurements of the Earth's precession, the moon's tidal acceleration, and lunar rotational dissipation. These scientific results, current technological developments, and prospects for the future are discussed here.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dickey, J O -- Bender, P L -- Faller, J E -- Newhall, X X -- Ricklefs, R L -- Ries, J G -- Shelus, P J -- Veillet, C -- Whipple, A L -- Wiant, J R -- Williams, J G -- Yoder, C F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):482-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17781305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 10
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    Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 landers, california, earthquake (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, D P -- Reasenberg, P A -- Michael, A -- Arabaz, W J -- Beroza, G -- Brumbaugh, D -- Brune, J N -- Castro, R -- Davis, S -- Depolo, D -- Ellsworth, W L -- Gomberg, J -- Harmsen, S -- House, L -- Jackson, S M -- Johnston, M J -- Jones, L -- Keller, R -- Malone, S -- Munguia, L -- Nava, S -- Pechmann, J C -- Sanford, A -- Simpson, R W -- Smith, R B -- Stark, M -- Stickney, M -- Vidal, A -- Walter, S -- Wong, V -- Zollweg, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1617-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17810202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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