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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Venturia canescens ; Plodia interpunctella ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; host quality ; host nutrition ; koinobiont ; development ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the effect of host (Plodia interpunctella; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) nutritional status on development of the solitary endoparasitoid,Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Parasitoids from 3rd (L3) instars reared on a deficient diet during early parasitism took longer to develop and suffered higher mortality than those reared from hosts fedad libitum although there was not a significant difference in the size of eclosing wasps from the two groups. L5 hosts reared at high density produced smaller parasitoids, which developed more rapidly than those reared from hosts from low density containers, although mortality was higher in the latter. In a separate experiment we starved groups of 10–20 hosts (parasitized as L3) daily beginning on the 4th day after parasitism, to determine the host developmental stage required for successful parasitoid development to eclosion. Parasitoid survivorship increased with length of host access to food, while the egg-to-adult parasitoid development time increased throughout the experiment. Parasitoid size decreased with increasing periods of host starvation. The successful emergence ofVenturia depends uponPlodia reaching the size normally attained in the mid-5th instar, or 50–70% of the mass of healthy late 5th instars. Our results show that when earlier instars are parasitized, host growth is essential for successful parasitoid development to eclosion. Furthermore, they suggest that, for many koinobionts, host suitability may be greatly influenced by feeding rate and food quality.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Corcyra cephalonica ; parasitism ; encapsulation ; host regulation ; host suitability ; Venturia canescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many endoparasitoids develop successfully within a range of host instars. Parasitoid survival is highest when parasitism is initiated in earlier host instars, due to age-related changes in internal (physiological) host defences. Most studies examining fitness-related costs associated with differences in host instar have concentrated on the parasitoid, ignoring the effects of parasitism on the development of surviving hosts that have encapsulated parasitoid eggs. A laboratory experiment was undertaken examining fitness-related costs associated with encapsulation of Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) eggs by fifth (L5) instar larvae of Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Growth and development of both host and parasitoid were monitored in C. cephalonica larvae containing 0, 1, 2, or 4 parasitoid eggs. Adult size and fecundity of C. cephalonica did not vary with the number of eggs per host. However, there was a distinct increase in host mortality with egg number, although most parasitoids emerged from hosts containing a single egg. The most dramatic effect on the host was a highly significant increase in development time from parasitism to adult eclosion, with hosts containing 4 parasitoid eggs taking over 2.5 days longer to complete development than unparasitized larvae. The egg-to-adult development time and size of adult V. canescens did not vary with egg number per host, as demonstrated in a previous experiment using a different host (Plodia interpunctella). The results described here show that there are fitness-related costs to the host associated with resistance to parasitism.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 105 (1996), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Plodia interpunctella ; Venturia canescens ; Cannibalism ; Population dynamics ; Biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of host cannibalism on a host-parasitoid system were explored through experiment and modelling. In individual encounters between parasitized and unparasitized Plodia interpunctella larvae, parasitized larvae were more likely to be cannibalized. Inclusion of this differential cannibalism into a simple Lotka-Volterra-type model of host-parasitoid population dynamics generates alternative stable states-including stable coexistence and extinction of the parasitoid — which depend on starting conditions. Possible mechanisms for differential cannibalism, and its implications for studies of host-parasitoid populations and biological control programmes are discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Plodia interpunctella ; Venturia canescens ; Corcyra cephalonica ; defensive behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résmé Les intéractions, sur le plan comportemental, entre le parasitoïde solitaire koïnobionte,Venturia canescens et deux de ses hôtes,Plodia interpunctella etCorcyra cephalonica ont fait l'objet de cette étude. La réponse des deux hôtes à une exploration antennaire simulée à l'aide d'un pinceau à 2 poils différait selon qu'il s'agissait des petites larves du 3e stade ou des grosses larves du 5e stade. En réponse à ce stimulus, les jeunes larves deP. interpunctella adoptaient principalement un comportement de fuite (en se contorsionnant ou en se débattant) alors que les larves de 3e stade deC. cephalonica se montraient plus agressives (en rejetant la tête en arrière et en donnant des coups de patte). Au stade L5, les larves deP. interpunctella s'immobilisaient après l'application du stimulus, alors que celles deC. cephalonica avaient une réponse moins agressive qu'aux stades précédents. Alors queV. canescens enfoncait rapidement son ovipositeur dans les 2 hôtes après une exploration antennaire,P. interpunctella était nettement plus sensible à l'attaque du parasitoïde queC. cephalonica, et ce sans tenir compte de la taille du dernier stade (L5).C. cephalonica, l'hôte le plus grand et le plus agressif, résiste activement au parasitisme tandis quePlodia répond de façon beaucoup plus passive au contact du parasitoïde. Les parasitoïdes examinent les hôtes morts et y enfoncent leur ovipositeur, mais les attaques ne sont pas poursuivies et les femelles s'en désintéressent rapidement. Sur des sites oùV. canescens est en présence de larves du 5e stade deC. cephalonica on deP. interpunctella, la plupart des larves deP. interpunctella répondaient au contact avec le parasitoïde par l'immobilité, alors que les larves deC. cephalonica adoptaient une attitude un peu plus agressive. Les larves deP. interpunctella qui s'immobilisaient échappaient habituellement au parasitisme tandis que celles qui tentaient de fuir étaient poursuivies avec vigueur par le parasitoïde et généralement parasitées. En dépit de leur comportement après le contact,C. cephalonica évitait l'attaque avec plus de succès. L'acceptation de l'hôte parV. canescens est clairement dépendante de la taille et l'espèce de l'hôte qu'il attaque. Le rôle du comportement défensif de l'hôte est discuté en relation avec l'évolution de comportement de contre-défense du parasitoïde et de ses stratégies d'oviposition.
    Notes: Abstract Behavioural interactions between the solitary koinobiont parasitoid,Venturia canescens, and two of its hosts,Plodia interpunctella andCorcyra cephalonica, were investigated. The response of both hosts to simulated antennation using a two-haired brush was examined over instars 3 (L3) to 5 (L5). YoungP. interpunctella larvae predominantly adopted escape tactics (writhe, trash) whereas L5P. interpunctella usually froze after the stimulus was applied. L3C. cephalonica larvae were more aggressive (headrear, flick) thanP. interpunctella in response to the application of the stimulus, but olderC. cephalonica responded less aggressively than in earlier instars. AlthoughV. canescens readily jabbed its ovipositor at both hosts after antennation,P. interpunctella was considerably more susceptible to parasitoid attack thanC. cephalonica, irrespective of size in the final (L5) instar.C. cephalonica, the larger, more aggressive host, actively resisted parasitism whereasP. interpunctella responded much more passively after parasitoid contact. Parasitoids examined and jabbed their ovipositors at dead hosts, but this behaviour was not sustained, implying that host movement stimulates parasitoid attack. On patches containingV. canescens, L5C. cephalonica andP. interpunctella, mostP. interpunctella larvae responded by freezing after parasitoid contact.P. interpunctella that froze usually avoided parasitism, whereas larvae that attempted to escape by crawling were pursued with vigour byV. canescens and usually parasitized. Irrespective of behaviour after parasitoid contact,C. cephalonia displayed more aggressive behaviour and had much greater success in warding off parasitoid attack. Host acceptance byV. canescens is clearly affected by the size and species of the host it attacks. The influence of host defensive behaviour is discussed in relation to the evolution of parasitoid counter-defences and oviposition strategies.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1635-1657 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; radiation boundary conditions ; absorbing boundary conditions ; discontinuous Galerkin method ; structural acoustics ; wave equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A time-discontinuous Galerkin space-time finite element method is formulated for the exterior structural acoustics problem in two space dimensions. The problem is posed over a bounded computational domain with local time-dependent radiation (absorbing) boundary conditions applied to the fluid truncation boundary. Absorbing boundary conditions are incorporated as ‘natural’ boundary conditions in the space-time variational equation, i.e. they are enforced weakly in both space and time. Following Bayliss and Turkel, time-dependent radiation boundary conditions for the two-dimensional wave equation are developed from an asymptotic approximation to the exact solution in the frequency domain expressed in negative powers of a non-dimensional wavenumber. In this paper, we undertake a brief development of the time-dependent radiation boundary conditions, establishing their relationship to the exact impedance (Dirichlet-to-Neumann map) for the acoustic fluid, and characterize their accuracy when implemented in our space-time finite element formulation for transient structural acoustics. Stability estimates are reported together with an analysis of the positive form of the matrix problem emanating from the space-time variational equations for the coupled fluid-structure system. Several numerical simulations of transient radiation and scattering in two space dimensions are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the space-time method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 371-397 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Helmholtz equation ; least squares ; Galerkin method ; Fourier analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a Galerkin least-squares (GLS) finite element method, in which residuals in least-squares form are added to the standard Galerkin variational equation, is developed to solve the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions. An important feature of GLS methods is the introduction of a local mesh parameter that may be designed to provide accurate solutions with relatively coarse meshes. Previous work has accomplished this for the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation using dispersion analysis. In this paper, the selection of the GLS mesh parameter for two dimensions is considered, and leads to elements that exhibit improved phase accuracy. For any given direction of wave propagation, an optimal GLS mesh parameter is determined using two-dimensional Fourier analysis. In general problems, the direction of wave propagation will not be known a priori. In this case, an optimal GLS parameter is found which reduces phase error for all possible wave vector orientations over elements. The optimal GLS parameters are derived for both consistent and lumped mass approximations. Several numerical examples are given and the results compared with those obtained from the Galerkin method. The extension of GLS to higher-order quadratic interpolations is also presented.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 28 (1998), S. 1217-1239 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: multiphase ; multifluid ; multigrid ; FAS ; local coupled solver ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent years multigrid algorithms have been applied to increasingly difficult systems of partial differential equations and major improvements in both speed of convergence and robustness have been achieved. Problems involving several interacting fluids are of great interest in many industrial applications, especially in the process and petro-chemical sectors. However, the multifluid version of the Navier-Stokes equations is extremely complex and represents a challenge to advanced numerical algorithms. In this paper, we describe an extension of the full approximation storage (FAS) multigrid algorithm to the multifluid equations. A number of special issues had to be addressed. The first was the development of a customised, non-linear, coupled relaxation scheme for the smoothing step. Automatic differentiation was used to facilitate the coding of a robust, globally convergent quasi-Newton method. It was also necessary to use special inter-grid transfer operators to maintain the realisability of the solution. Algorithmic details are given and solutions for a series of test problems are compared with those from a widely validated, commercial code. The new approach has proved to be robust; it achieves convergence without resorting to specialised initialisation methods. Moreover, even though the rate of convergence is complex, the method has achieved very good reduction factors: typically five orders of magnitude in 50 cycles. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 24 (1997), S. 355-373 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: computational fluid dynamics ; transonic airfoils ; numerical uncertainty ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical uncertainties are quantified for calculations of transonic flow around a divergent trailing edge (DTE) supercritical aerofoil. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a linearized block implicit solution procedure and mixing-length turbulence model. This procedure has reproduced measurements around supercritical aerofoils with blunt trailing edges that have shock, boundary layer and separated regions. The present effort quantifies numerical uncertainty in these calculations using grid convergence indices which are calculated from aerodynamic coefficients, shock location, dimensions of the recirculating region in the wake of the blunt trailing edge and distributions of surface pressure coefficients. The grid convergence index is almost uniform around the aerofoil, except in the shock region and at the point where turbulence transition was fixed. The grid convergence index indicates good convergence for lift but only fair convergence for moment and drag and also confirms that drag calculations are more sensitive to numerical error. © 1997 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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