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  • Articles  (14)
  • Humans  (10)
  • Engineering  (4)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1995-1999  (14)
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  • Articles  (14)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE EXTERIOR STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICS PROBLEM: TIME-DEPENDENT RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN TWO SPACE DIMENSIONS (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1635-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; radiation boundary conditions ; absorbing boundary conditions ; discontinuous Galerkin method ; structural acoustics ; wave equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A time-discontinuous Galerkin space-time finite element method is formulated for the exterior structural acoustics problem in two space dimensions. The problem is posed over a bounded computational domain with local time-dependent radiation (absorbing) boundary conditions applied to the fluid truncation boundary. Absorbing boundary conditions are incorporated as ‘natural’ boundary conditions in the space-time variational equation, i.e. they are enforced weakly in both space and time. Following Bayliss and Turkel, time-dependent radiation boundary conditions for the two-dimensional wave equation are developed from an asymptotic approximation to the exact solution in the frequency domain expressed in negative powers of a non-dimensional wavenumber. In this paper, we undertake a brief development of the time-dependent radiation boundary conditions, establishing their relationship to the exact impedance (Dirichlet-to-Neumann map) for the acoustic fluid, and characterize their accuracy when implemented in our space-time finite element formulation for transient structural acoustics. Stability estimates are reported together with an analysis of the positive form of the matrix problem emanating from the space-time variational equations for the coupled fluid-structure system. Several numerical simulations of transient radiation and scattering in two space dimensions are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the space-time method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Galerkin least-squares finite element method for the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 371-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Helmholtz equation ; least squares ; Galerkin method ; Fourier analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a Galerkin least-squares (GLS) finite element method, in which residuals in least-squares form are added to the standard Galerkin variational equation, is developed to solve the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions. An important feature of GLS methods is the introduction of a local mesh parameter that may be designed to provide accurate solutions with relatively coarse meshes. Previous work has accomplished this for the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation using dispersion analysis. In this paper, the selection of the GLS mesh parameter for two dimensions is considered, and leads to elements that exhibit improved phase accuracy. For any given direction of wave propagation, an optimal GLS mesh parameter is determined using two-dimensional Fourier analysis. In general problems, the direction of wave propagation will not be known a priori. In this case, an optimal GLS parameter is found which reduces phase error for all possible wave vector orientations over elements. The optimal GLS parameters are derived for both consistent and lumped mass approximations. Several numerical examples are given and the results compared with those obtained from the Galerkin method. The extension of GLS to higher-order quadratic interpolations is also presented.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620380303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the full approximation storage method to the numerical simulation of two-dimensional steady incompressible viscous multiphase flows (1998)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 28 (1998), S. 1217-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: multiphase ; multifluid ; multigrid ; FAS ; local coupled solver ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent years multigrid algorithms have been applied to increasingly difficult systems of partial differential equations and major improvements in both speed of convergence and robustness have been achieved. Problems involving several interacting fluids are of great interest in many industrial applications, especially in the process and petro-chemical sectors. However, the multifluid version of the Navier-Stokes equations is extremely complex and represents a challenge to advanced numerical algorithms. In this paper, we describe an extension of the full approximation storage (FAS) multigrid algorithm to the multifluid equations. A number of special issues had to be addressed. The first was the development of a customised, non-linear, coupled relaxation scheme for the smoothing step. Automatic differentiation was used to facilitate the coding of a robust, globally convergent quasi-Newton method. It was also necessary to use special inter-grid transfer operators to maintain the realisability of the solution. Algorithmic details are given and solutions for a series of test problems are compared with those from a widely validated, commercial code. The new approach has proved to be robust; it achieves convergence without resorting to specialised initialisation methods. Moreover, even though the rate of convergence is complex, the method has achieved very good reduction factors: typically five orders of magnitude in 50 cycles. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUMERICAL UNCERTAINTIES IN TRANSONIC FLOW CALCULATIONS FOR AEROFOILS WITH BLUNT TRAILING EDGES (1997)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 24 (1997), S. 355-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: computational fluid dynamics ; transonic airfoils ; numerical uncertainty ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical uncertainties are quantified for calculations of transonic flow around a divergent trailing edge (DTE) supercritical aerofoil. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a linearized block implicit solution procedure and mixing-length turbulence model. This procedure has reproduced measurements around supercritical aerofoils with blunt trailing edges that have shock, boundary layer and separated regions. The present effort quantifies numerical uncertainty in these calculations using grid convergence indices which are calculated from aerodynamic coefficients, shock location, dimensions of the recirculating region in the wake of the blunt trailing edge and distributions of surface pressure coefficients. The grid convergence index is almost uniform around the aerofoil, except in the shock region and at the point where turbulence transition was fixed. The grid convergence index indicates good convergence for lift but only fair convergence for moment and drag and also confirms that drag calculations are more sensitive to numerical error. © 1997 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
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    Molecular basis of T cell inactivation by CTLA-4 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T cell function, was found to associate with the T cell receptor (TCR) complex zeta chain in primary T cells. The association of TCRzeta with CTLA-4, reconstituted in 293 transfectants, was enhanced by p56(lck)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Coexpression of the CTLA-4-associated tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, resulted in dephosphorylation of TCRzeta bound to CTLA-4 and abolished the p56(lck)-inducible TCRzeta-CTLA-4 interaction. Thus, CTLA-4 inhibits TCR signal transduction by binding to TCRzeta and inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation after T cell activation. These findings have broad implications for the negative regulation of T cell function and T cell tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, K M -- Chuang, E -- Griffin, M -- Khattri, R -- Hong, D K -- Zhang, W -- Straus, D -- Samelson, L E -- Thompson, C B -- Bluestone, J A -- P01 AI35294-6/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2263-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Immunological ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Transfection ; src Homology Domains
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    The evolution of species interactions (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Interactions between species are as evolutionarily malleable as the species themselves and have played a central role in the diversification and organization of life. This malleability creates complex geographic mosaics in interspecific interactions that can evolve rapidly over decades, blurring the distinction between evolutionary time and ecological time and making the study of coevolution crucial for human health and welfare.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2116-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. jnt@wsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Parasites/pathogenicity ; *Selection, Genetic ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Reduced immunotoxicity and preservation of antibacterial activity in a releasable side-chain carbapenem antibiotic (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-29
    Description: A carbapenem antibiotic, L-786,392, was designed so that the side chain that provides high-affinity binding to the penicillin-binding proteins responsible for bacterial resistance was also the structural basis for ameliorating immunopathology. Expulsion of the side chain upon opening of the beta-lactam ring retained antibacterial activity while safely expelling the immunodominant epitope. L-786,392 was well tolerated in animal safety studies and had significant in vitro and in vivo activities against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosen, H -- Hajdu, R -- Silver, L -- Kropp, H -- Dorso, K -- Kohler, J -- Sundelof, J G -- Huber, J -- Hammond, G G -- Jackson, J J -- Gill, C J -- Thompson, R -- Pelak, B A -- Epstein-Toney, J H -- Lankas, G -- Wilkening, R R -- Wildonger, K J -- Blizzard, T A -- DiNinno, F P -- Ratcliffe, R W -- Heck, J V -- Kozarich, J W -- Hammond, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):703-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. hugh_rosen@merck.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/blood ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Carbapenems/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Dipeptidases/metabolism ; *Drug Design ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Enterococcus/drug effects ; Erythrocytes/immunology ; Haptens ; *Hexosyltransferases ; Humans ; Immunodominant Epitopes ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Lactams/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase/metabolism ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; *Peptidyl Transferases ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Staphylococcus/drug effects ; Thiazoles/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The role of area 17 in visual imagery: convergent evidence from PET and rTMS (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: Visual imagery is used in a wide range of mental activities, ranging from memory to reasoning, and also plays a role in perception proper. The contribution of early visual cortex, specifically Area 17, to visual mental imagery was examined by the use of two convergent techniques. In one, subjects closed their eyes during positron emission tomography (PET) while they visualized and compared properties (for example, relative length) of sets of stripes. The results showed that when people perform this task, Area 17 is activated. In the other, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied to medial occipital cortex before presentation of the same task. Performance was impaired after rTMS compared with a sham control condition; similar results were obtained when the subjects performed the task by actually looking at the stimuli. In sum, the PET results showed that when patterns of stripes are visualized, Area 17 is activated, and the rTMS results showed that such activation underlies information processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kosslyn, S M -- Pascual-Leone, A -- Felician, O -- Camposano, S -- Keenan, J P -- Thompson, W L -- Ganis, G -- Sukel, K E -- Alpert, N M -- R01 EY12091/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH57980/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):167-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. smk@wjh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Brain Mapping ; Humans ; Imagination/*physiology ; Magnetics ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Visual Cortex/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Chemokines and the arrest of lymphocytes rolling under flow conditions (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: Circulating lymphocytes are recruited from the blood to the tissue by rolling along the endothelium until being stopped by a signaling event linked to the Gialpha subunit of a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein; that event then triggers rapid integrin-dependent adhesion. Four chemokines are now shown to induce such adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and to induce arrest of rolling cells within 1 second under flow conditions similar to those of blood. SDF-1 (also called PBSF), 6-C-kine (also called Exodus-2), and MIP-3beta (also called ELC or Exodus-3) induced adhesion of most circulating lymphocytes, including most CD4+ T cells; and MIP-3alpha (also called LARC or Exodus-1) triggered adhesion of memory, but not naive, CD4+ T cells. Thus, chemokines can regulate the arrest of lymphocyte subsets under flowing conditions, which may allow them to control lymphocyte-endothelial cell recognition and lymphocyte recruitment in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, J J -- Hedrick, J -- Zlotnik, A -- Siani, M A -- Thompson, D A -- Butcher, E C -- 5T32CA090302/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK38707/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM37734/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 16;279(5349):381-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, and Digestive Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Surface/metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*physiology ; *Cell Adhesion ; Chemokine CCL19 ; Chemokine CCL20 ; Chemokine CCL21 ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; Chemokines, CC/*pharmacology/physiology ; *Chemokines, CXC ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism ; Lymphocytes/*physiology ; *Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins ; Membrane Proteins ; Receptors, CCR6 ; *Receptors, Chemokine ; Rheology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Protein proves to be a key link in innate immunity (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jul 21;269(5222):301-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7618098" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Child ; Cloning, Molecular ; Complement Activation/*immunology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/*etiology ; Mannose-Binding Lectins ; Mutation ; Phagocytosis/*immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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