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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Dense genetic maps of human, mouse, and rat genomes that are based on coding genes and on microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers have been complemented by precise gene homolog alignment with moderate-resolution maps of livestock, companion animals, and additional mammal species. Comparative genetic assessment expands the utility of these maps in gene discovery, in functional genomics, and in tracking the evolutionary forces that sculpted the genome organization of modern mammalian species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, S J -- Menotti-Raymond, M -- Murphy, W J -- Nash, W G -- Wienberg, J -- Stanyon, R -- Copeland, N G -- Jenkins, N A -- Womack, J E -- Marshall Graves, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):458-62, 479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Chromosome Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Rodentia/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, S J -- Eisenberg, J F -- Miyamoto, M -- Hedges, S B -- Kumar, S -- Wilson, D E -- Menotti-Raymond, M -- Murphy, W J -- Nash, W G -- Lyons, L A -- Menninger, J C -- Stanyon, R -- Wienberg, J -- Copeland, N G -- Jenkins, N A -- Gellin, J -- Yerle, M -- Andersson, L -- Womack, J -- Broad, T -- Postlethwait, J -- Serov, O -- Bailey, E -- James, M R -- Marshall Graves, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):463-78.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosome Painting ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a lifetime incidence of approximately 2 percent. A pattern of familial aggregation has been documented for the disorder, and it was recently reported that a PD susceptibility gene in a large Italian kindred is located on the long arm of human chromosome 4. A mutation was identified in the alpha-synuclein gene, which codes for a presynaptic protein thought to be involved in neuronal plasticity, in the Italian kindred and in three unrelated families of Greek origin with autosomal dominant inheritance for the PD phenotype. This finding of a specific molecular alteration associated with PD will facilitate the detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Polymeropoulos, M H -- Lavedan, C -- Leroy, E -- Ide, S E -- Dehejia, A -- Dutra, A -- Pike, B -- Root, H -- Rubenstein, J -- Boyer, R -- Stenroos, E S -- Chandrasekharappa, S -- Athanassiadou, A -- Papapetropoulos, T -- Johnson, W G -- Lazzarini, A M -- Duvoisin, R C -- Di Iorio, G -- Golbe, L I -- Nussbaum, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2045-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetic Disease Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age of Onset ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Genetic Markers ; Greece ; Humans ; Italy ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Parkinson Disease/*genetics ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; *Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Synucleins ; alpha-Synuclein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1998-07-17
    Description: DNA from excrements can be amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction. However, this has not been possible with ancient feces. Cross-links between reducing sugars and amino groups were shown to exist in a Pleistocene coprolite from Gypsum Cave, Nevada. A chemical agent, N-phenacylthiazolium bromide, that cleaves such cross-links made it possible to amplify DNA sequences. Analyses of these DNA sequences showed that the coprolite is derived from an extinct sloth, presumably the Shasta ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis. Plant DNA sequences from seven groups of plants were identified in the coprolite. The plant assemblage that formed part of the sloth's diet exists today at elevations about 800 meters higher than the cave.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poinar, H N -- Hofreiter, M -- Spaulding, W G -- Martin, P S -- Stankiewicz, B A -- Bland, H -- Evershed, R P -- Possnert, G -- Paabo, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):402-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Zoological Institute, University of Munich, Luisenstrasse 14, D-80333 Munich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*isolation & purification ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/*isolation & purification ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/*isolation & purification ; *Diet ; Feces/*chemistry ; *Fossils ; Maillard Reaction ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plants/classification/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/genetics ; *Sloths/genetics ; Thiazoles
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1996-12-20
    Description: The crystal structure of an unmodified hammerhead RNA in the absence of divalent metal ions has been solved, and it was shown that this ribozyme can cleave itself in the crystal when divalent metal ions are added. This biologically active RNA fold is the same as that found previously for two modified hammerhead ribozymes. Addition of divalent cations at low pH makes it possible to capture the uncleaved RNA in metal-bound form. A conformational intermediate, having an additional Mg(II) bound to the cleavage-site phosphate, was captured by freeze-trapping the RNA at an active pH prior to cleavage. The most significant conformational changes were limited to the active site of the ribozyme, and the changed conformation requires only small additional movements to reach a proposed transition-state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, W G -- Murray, J B -- Arnold, J R -- Stoddard, B L -- Klug, A -- GM-49857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Dec 20;274(5295):2065-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8953035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Freezing ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1995-09-22
    Description: NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are selectively localized at the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. The molecular mechanisms underlying this localization were investigated by expressing the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor in fibroblasts. NR1 splice variants containing the first COOH-terminal exon cassette (NR1A and NR1D) were located in discrete, receptor-rich domains associated with the plasma membrane. NR1 splice variants lacking this exon cassette (NR1C and NR1E) were distributed throughout the cell, with large amounts of NR1 protein present in the cell interior. Insertion of this exon cassette into the COOH-terminus of the GluR1 AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate) receptor was sufficient to cause GluR1 to be localized to discrete, receptor-rich domains. Furthermore, protein kinase C phosphorylation of specific serines within this exon disrupted the receptor-rich domains. These results demonstrate that amino acid sequences contained within the NR1 molecule serve to localize this receptor subunit to discrete membrane domains in a manner that is regulated by alternative splicing and protein phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehlers, M D -- Tingley, W G -- Huganir, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 22;269(5231):1734-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7569904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Exons ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Quail ; Receptors, AMPA/analysis ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Subcellular Fractions/metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1995-10-06
    Description: Cdc2 is the cyclin-dependent kinase that controls entry of cells into mitosis. Phosphorylation of Cdc2 on threonine-14 and tyrosine-15 inhibits the activity of the enzyme and prevents premature initiation of mitosis. Although Wee1 has been identified as the kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine-15 in various organisms, the threonine-14-specific kinase has not been isolated. A complementary DNA was cloned from Xenopus that encodes Myt1, a member of the Wee1 family that was discovered to phosphorylate Cdc2 efficiently on both threonine-14 and tyrosine-15. Myt1 is a membrane-associated protein that contains a putative transmembrane segment. Immunodepletion studies suggested that Myt1 is the predominant threonine-14-specific kinase in Xenopus egg extracts. Myt1 activity is highly regulated during the cell cycle, suggesting that this relative of Wee1 plays a role in mitotic control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mueller, P R -- Coleman, T R -- Kumagai, A -- Dunphy, W G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Oct 6;270(5233):86-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 216-76, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7569953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclins/metabolism ; Interphase ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oocytes/enzymology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1996-09-06
    Description: Cdc2, the cyclin-dependent kinase that controls mitosis, is negatively regulated by phosphorylation on its threonine-14 and tyrosine-15 residues. Cdc25, the phosphatase that dephosphorylates both of these residues, undergoes activation and phosphorylation by multiple kinases at mitosis. Plx1, a kinase that associates with and phosphorylates the amino-terminal domain of Cdc25, was purified extensively from Xenopus egg extracts. Cloning of its complementary DNA revealed that Plx1 is related to the Polo family of protein kinases. Recombinant Plx1 phosphorylated Cdc25 and stimulated its activity in a purified system. Cdc25 phosphorylated by Plx1 reacted strongly with MPM-2, a monoclonal antibody to mitotic phosphoproteins. These studies indicate that Plx1 may participate in control of mitotic progression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kumagai, A -- Dunphy, W G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Sep 6;273(5280):1377-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, 216-76, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8703070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclins/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oocytes/enzymology ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/analysis ; Phosphothreonine/analysis ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*isolation & ; purification/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins ; cdc25 Phosphatases
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1995-02-24
    Description: Mandelate racemase and muconate lactonizing enzyme are structurally homologous but catalyze different reactions, each initiated by proton abstraction from carbon. The structural similarity to mandelate racemase of a previously unidentified gene product was used to deduce its function as a galactonate dehydratase. In this enzyme superfamily that has evolved to catalyze proton abstraction from carbon, three variations of homologous active site architectures are now represented: lysine and histidine bases in the active site of mandelate racemase, only a lysine base in the active site of muconate lactonizing enzyme, and only a histidine base in the active site of galactonate dehydratase. This discovery supports the hypothesis that new enzymatic activities evolve by recruitment of a protein catalyzing the same type of chemical reaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Babbitt, P C -- Mrachko, G T -- Hasson, M S -- Huisman, G W -- Kolter, R -- Ringe, D -- Petsko, G A -- Kenyon, G L -- Gerlt, J A -- GM-34572/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-40570/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Feb 24;267(5201):1159-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7855594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Histidine/metabolism ; Hydro-Lyases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Intramolecular Lyases ; Isomerases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Operon ; *Protons ; Pseudomonas putida/*enzymology/genetics ; Racemases and Epimerases/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1995-07-07
    Description: Many proteins are associated with the outer layer of the cell membrane through a posttranslationally added glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The functional significance of this type of protein linkage is unclear, although it results in increased lateral mobility, sorting to the apical surface of the cell, reinsertion into cell membranes, and possibly cell signaling. Here evidence is presented that GPI-linked proteins can undergo intermembrane transfer in vivo. GPI-linked proteins expressed on the surface of transgenic mouse red blood cells were transferred in a functional form to endothelial cells in vivo. This feature of GPI linkage may be potentially useful for the delivery of therapeutic proteins to vascular endothelium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kooyman, D L -- Byrne, G W -- McClellan, S -- Nielsen, D -- Tone, M -- Waldmann, H -- Coffman, T M -- McCurry, K R -- Platt, J L -- Logan, J S -- HL 46810/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 50985/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 52297/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jul 7;269(5220):89-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7541557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/genetics/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD55 ; Antigens, CD59 ; Base Sequence ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Complement Inactivator Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*metabolism ; Erythrocytes/*metabolism ; Globins/genetics ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/*metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myocardium/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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