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  • Chemistry  (98)
  • Nederland  (5)
  • Column liquid chromatography  (4)
  • 42.75
  • Atomic and molecular processes in external fields, including interactions with strong fields and short pulses
  • 1995-1999  (107)
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Year
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer membranes ; poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) ; hypochlorite ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium hypochlorite solutions are used to treat membranes prepared from a polymeric blend containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) to increase their water permeability. Sodium hypochlorite affects the membrane material in such a way that PVP is selectively removed from the membrane matrix. The mechanism of the reaction between hypochlorite and PVP is investigated by several chemical analysis techniques of the reaction products. Strong indications are found that the reaction involves chain scission of PVP according to a radical mechanism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Short-Column LC ; Environmental water samples ; MS-MS detection ; Pesticide degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The applicability of solid-phase extraction-LC using two short columns (SPE-LC) and/or single-short-column liquid chromatography (SSC) combined on-line with tandem mass spectrometry (MS) was demonstrated for the rapid study of pesticide degradation. A fast analytical procedure was developed to provide preliminary information concerning experimental conditions, approximate rates of degradation and identity of the degradation products. Surface water samples were spiked at relevant concentration levels with well-known microcontaminants and photolysis was used to transform parent compounds into their degradation products. In general, the strategy was as follows: at 30-min intervals 10-mL samples were on-line enriched, separated by short-column LC and recorded in full-scan MS to obtain information on the disappearance of the parent compound and the appearance of breakdown products. To obtain structural information, product-ion spectra of selected compounds appearing in the full-scan MS chromatogram were recorded; this enabled the identification of several degradation products. Total analysis time of enrichment/separation and detection was about 10–15 min.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Sugars ; Amperometric detection ; Chemically modified electrodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A chemically modified electrode was applied as a working electrode for the amperometric detection of sugars in liquid chromatography. A mixture of cuprous oxide and conductive carbon cement was used as electrode material. Cuprous oxide acted as a catalyst for the oxidation of sugars. Cyclic voltammetry was used to examine the oxidation of the sugars at the electrode surface. The stability and sensitivity of a cuprous oxide/conductive carbon cement (20/80 %, w/w) electrode were tested in flow injection analysis experiments. For liquid chromatography, sugars were separated on an ion-exclusion column with 0.01 M H2SO4 as mobile phase. After the separation, 0.2 M NaOH was added post-column and the sugars were determined at 550 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Calibration was linear in the range of 10−6·10−3 M with limits of detection of approximately 1·10−6M. The application of the modified electrode for the determination of sugars in fruit beverages and dairy products following chromatographic separation is shown.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; On-line coupling ; Ion-exchange membrane ; Ion-pair reagent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In order to enable the coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with capillary gas chromatography (GC), the performance of an anion-exchange micromembrane device has been studied to remove the ion-pair reagent methanesulphonic acid from an acetonitrile/water LC eluent. The regenerant in the membrane was tetrabutylammonium hydroxide dissolved in acetonitrile/water, which effects an anion-exchange of methanesulphonate ions for regenerant hydroxide ions. The efficiency of the exchange process was found to be 99.9%. This enabled the direct introduction of the LC eluent, free of ions and with the proper acetonitrile/water ratio, into the GC. The applicability of the on-line LC-micromembrane-GC system has been illustrated for the potential drug eltoprazine, which is quantitatively recovered with a coefficient of variation for standard solutions of 3% at the 150 μg/ml analyte level.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex mixing flows and mixing parameters are calculated to evaluate mixing quality on the basis of kinematic parameters together with a statistical analysis. The results allow for a comparative evaluation in terms of geometry and flow parameters. The evaluation is limited to two-dimensional flows with moving boundaries in periodic motion such as the flow in the cross section of a twin-cam mixer. The finite-element calculation requires a remeshing procedure for every time step with special techniques to upgrade mixing variables from one time step to the next. The relative mixing quality of single cam and co: or counterrotating cam devices are compared by evaluating segregation scale, length stretch, and efficiency. The numerical results exhibit a good correspondence with their experimental counterpart.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 588-597 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical tools for the analysis of complex 3-D mixing devices were developed. Calculations are based on the finite-element method. The flow calculation is combined with that of pathlines for a fairly large number of material points; along these pathlines, relevant kinematic variables, which are then subjected to a statistical treatment, are evaluated. These numerical techniques are applied to the analysis of a Kenics mixer. It is assumed that the geometry is periodic in the axial direction, that is, that the mixer contains an infinite number of blades; the finite-element analysis may then be completed on a single wavelength of the geometry. To test the accuracy of the three-dimensional calculation, a Kenics device was mounted in order to mix clays of different colors, and photographs of experimental cross-sections were compared with numerical results showing concentration maps. A statistical treatment was performed on some 8,000 material points crossing the entry section to evaluate mixing quality.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of mean stresses and mean strains on the cyclic deformation behavior and the plasticity-induced martensite formation of X6CrNiTi1810 stainless steelThis paper describes some aspects of the fatigue behavior of the metastable austenitic stainless steel X6CrNiTi1810 (German material number 1.4541). The aim of the present investigation is to determine the influence of plasticity-induced martensite formation on the cyclic deformation behaviour at room temperature and T = 300°C. Several specimen batches were tested under stress and total strain control with different R-values, a frequency of 5 Hz and triangular load-time functions, s̰-hysteresis and nondestructive magnetic measurements are used to characterize the fatigue behavior. Characteristic results are presented and discussed.
    Notes: Anhand von einstufigen spannungs- und totaldehnungskontrollierten Versuchen werden Zusammenhänge zwischen dem zyklischen Verformungsverhalten und der verformungsinduzierten Martensitbildung des metastabilen austenitischen Stahls X6CrNiTi1810 (Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4541) bei Raumtemperatur und T = 300°C untersucht. Besondere Beachtung findet hierbei der Einfluß von Mittelbeanspruchungen. Alle Versuche wurden mit einem dreieckförmigen Beanspruchung-Zeit-Verlauf und einer Frequenz von 5 Hz durchgeführt. Zur Charakterisierung des Wechselverformungsverhaltens dient neben den aus σ-Hysteresen ermittelten mechanischen Kennwerten, der on-line mittels eines Wirbelstromsensors gemessene magnetische Phasenanteil. Ausgewählte Versuchsergebnisse werden vorgestellt und diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bestimmung der Spannungstensoren in dünnen, texturierten Kupferschichten mittels Röntgenbeugung bei streifendem EinfallIonenplattierte Kupferschichten wurden mittels Röntgenbeugung hinsichtlich Texturen und Eigenspannungen untersucht. Die vollständigen Orientierungsverteilungsfunktionen wurden bestimmt und scharfe (111)-Fasertexturen gefunden. Die Messung der Dehnungen erfolgte unter streifendem Strahleinfall. Zur Berechnung der Spannungstensoren wurden sowohl texturgewichtete elastische Moduln als auch texturunabhängige elastische Moduln verwendet. Die Bedeutung der Texturmessung für die Spannungstensorbestimmung wird diskutiert. Die gefundenen Spannungen können als thermisch verursacht verstanden werden.
    Notes: Ion-platted thin copper films were examined for residual stresses and texture by X-ray diffraction. The complete orientation distribution functions were determined and sharp (111)-fibre textures were found. The strains were measured by grazing incidence diffraction. The stress tensors were calculated using both texture-weighted elastic compliances and texture-independent X-ray elastic constants. The importance of the texture measurement for the stress tensor determination is discussed. The found stresses can be interpreted as thermally induced.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Characterization of the Fatigue of Cyclically Loaded Welded Joints by X-Ray Diffraction and Micromagnetic TestingThe fatigue behaviour of welded Joints is influenced by the state of the material, its microstructure and residual stresses. By means of the micromagnetic Barkhausen-noise testing method in connection with x-ray diffraction the behaviour of cyclically loaded welded joints of the steel S355 is investigated. Proved by the results of the present investigations, the macro-and micro-residual stresses, micromagnetic and strain characteristic values are strongly connected with each other. Plastic deformations in the HAZ and base material during cyclic loading were identifies by a significant relaxation of the micro-residual stresses and a characteristic change in the micro-residual stresses determined by X-ray profile analysis. Analogous to the growing plastic strain amplitude an advancing damage process in the material is accompained by a significant change in the micromagnetic parameters. As a conclusion the micromagnetic testing method can be suited for the identification of fatigue processes in the material before a final damager of the specimen.
    Notes: Das Ermüdungsverhalten von Schweißnähten wird durch den Werkstoffzustand, die Gefüge-und Mikrostruktur und Eigenspannungen beeinflußt. Mit Hilfe des mikromagnetischen Meßverfahrens in Verbindung mit röntgenographischen Verfahren wurde das Werkstoffverhalten von zyklisch beanspruchten Schweißnähten des Baustahls S355 mit der Absicht einer Restlebensdauervorhersage untersucht. Die Vorliegenden Ergebnisse bestätigen die Auffassung, daß hierbei Makro- und Mikroeigenspannungen, magnetische Kennwerte und Dehnungskennwerte eng miteinander verknüpft sind. Die bei zyklischer Beanspruchung mit hinreichen großen Spannungsamplituden in Naht, WEZ und Grundwerkstoff eintretenden mikostrukturellen Veränderungen kamen einerseits in starken Veränderungen der Makroeigenspannungen zum Ausdruck und in Bereichen stärkerer Plastizierungen auch in Veränderungen der Mikroeigenspannungen, die sich aus der Röntgeninterferenzlinien-Profilanalyse ergaben. Andererseits waren die Mikrostrukturänderungen schon frühzeitig im Verlauf der zyklischen Beanspruchungen anhand z.T. sehr ausgeprägter Veränderungen der mikromagnetischen Kennwerte nachweisbar. Diese Ergebnisse lassen erwarten, daß sich die mit den mikrostrukturellen Werkstoffveränderungen verknüpfte fortschreitende Schädigung bis zur Entstehung von Makrorissen mit Hilfe des mikromagnetischen Meßverfahrens nachweisen läßt und so Aussagen über den Ermüdungszustand schwingbeanspruchter Bauteile möglich werden.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 386-393 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Lattice Constant Determination in Cubic Thin Films under Thermal StrainAn X-ray diffraction procedure is presented to determine the lattice constant of a cubic thin film which is thermally strained. The procedure also gives the thermal strain. As application examples, the lattice constants of thin aluminium and copper films deposited by ion-platting are evaluated from grazing incidence diffraction data.
    Notes: Ein Verfahren zur röntgenographischen Bestimmung der Gitterkonstanten einer kubischen dünnen Schicht, die herstellungsbedingt unter thermischer Dehnung steht, wird angegeben. Das Verfahren liefert zudem die wirksame-thermische Dehnung. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden die Gitterkonstanten von ionenplattierten Aluminium- und Kupferschichten aus röntgenographischen Messungen mittels eines Seemann-Bohlin Diffraktometers mit streifendem Strahleinfall ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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