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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of water on separations in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis systems (1997)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 5-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Non-aqueous ; Water in organic solvents ; Selectivity ; Electroosmotic flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Water, in concentrations up to 10%, has been added to organic solvents (dimethylsulphoxide,N-methylformamide, acetonitrile and methanol) used as the buffer solvents in electrophoresis media for non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Anionic and cationic test substances have been used to study the effect on separation selectivity and efficiency. The effect on the electroosmotic flow has also been studied. Water added in concentrations up to 0.5% had only a minor effect on the separation selectivity, efficiency or electroosmotic flow in the systems studied. These results indicate that small variations in the water-content of organic solvents are of only minor importance to the reproducibility of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis systems. The reproducibility of selectivity might, however, be slightly improved by adding 0.1–0.5% water, because true non-aqueous solvents are likely to cause problems as a result of the variable absorption of water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466508
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of the enantiomers of ibuprofen and its major phase I metabolites in urine using capillary electrophoresis (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Ibuprofen ; Chiral separation ; Dextrin 10 ; Heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A capillary electrophoresis method for determination of the enantiomers of ibuprofen and its major phase I metabolites: 2′-hydroxyibuprofen and 2′-carboxyibuprofen in urine samples have been developed. Cyclodextrins and linear dextrins have been investigated as chiral selectors. Simultaneous chiral separation of the enantiomers of ibuprofen, 2′-hydroxyibuprofen and 2′-carboxyibuprofen was obtained using a mixture of dextrin 10 and heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin in a 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulphonic acid buffer, pH 5.26. The electroosmotic flow was reversed using hexadimethrine bromide as a buffer additive. The method can be used for the determination of the free enantiomers of ibuprofen, 2′-hydroxyibuprofen and 2′-carboxyibuprofen as well as for the indirect determination of their glucuronic acid conjugates in urine samples.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190316
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis  -  its applicability in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 2179-2186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Nonaqueous ; Food ; Pharmaceuticals ; Biological fluids ; On-line capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of nonaqueous electrophoresis media for the application of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of food, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids is reviewed. Some of the applications are discussed in detail and the benefits of using nonaqueous media in these cases are outlined. Three new applications within pharmaceutical analyses are presented. In these methods either a simple sample pretreatment by dilution with methanol (determination of chlorhexidine in a cream) or selective on-line capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (methods for identification of seizure drugs or opium alkaloids) are used. The choice of organic solvents and electrolytes for nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis are discussed. Furthermore, validation data obtained using capillary electrophoresis based on the nonaqueous principle are listed and discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150191223
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  • 4
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    Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-26
    Description: Spatially resolved infrared and ultraviolet wavelength spectra of Europa's leading, anti-jovian quadrant observed from the Galileo spacecraft show absorption features resulting from hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate surface hydrogen peroxide concentrations of about 0.13 percent, by number, relative to water ice. The inferred abundance is consistent with radiolytic production of hydrogen peroxide by intense energetic particle bombardment and demonstrates that Europa's surface chemistry is dominated by radiolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R W -- Anderson, M S -- Johnson, R E -- Smythe, W D -- Hendrix, A R -- Barth, C A -- Soderblom, L A -- Hansen, G B -- McCord, T B -- Dalton, J B -- Clark, R N -- Shirley, J H -- Ocampo, A C -- Matson, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2062-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. rcarlson@lively.jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10092224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*analysis/chemistry ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Salts on Europa's surface detected by Galileo's near infrared mapping spectrometer. The NIMS Team (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Reflectance spectra in the 1- to 2.5-micrometer wavelength region of the surface of Europa obtained by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer exhibit distorted water absorption bands that indicate the presence of hydrated minerals. The laboratory spectra of hydrated salt minerals such as magnesium sulfates and sodium carbonates and mixtures of these minerals provide a close match to the Europa spectra. The distorted bands are only observed in the optically darker areas of Europa, including the lineaments, and may represent evaporite deposits formed by water, rich in dissolved salts, reaching the surface from a water-rich layer underlying an ice crust.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCord, T B -- Hansen, G B -- Fanale, F P -- Carlson, R W -- Matson, D L -- Johnson, T V -- Smythe, W D -- Crowley, J K -- Martin, P D -- Ocampo, A -- Hibbitts, C A -- Granahan, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbonates ; Evolution, Planetary ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Magnesium Sulfate ; Oceans and Seas ; *Salts ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Organics and other molecules in the surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: Five absorption features are reported at wavelengths of 3.4, 3.88, 4. 05, 4.25, and 4.57 micrometers in the surface materials of the Galilean satellites Callisto and Ganymede from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near-infrared mapping spectrometer. Candidate materials include CO2, organic materials (such as tholins containing C(triple bond)N and C-H), SO2, and compounds containing an SH-functional group; CO2, SO2, and perhaps cyanogen [(CN)2] may be present within the surface material itself as collections of a few molecules each. The spectra indicate that the primary surface constituents are water ice and hydrated minerals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCord, T B -- Carlson, R W -- Smythe, W D -- Hansen, G B -- Clark, R N -- Hibbitts, C A -- Fanale, F P -- Granahan, J C -- Segura, M -- Matson, D L -- Johnson, T V -- Martin, P D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):271-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. tom@kahana.pgd.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Nitriles/*analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sulfur/*analysis ; Sulfur Dioxide/analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: results from Galileo's initial orbit (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-10-18
    Description: The Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer performed spectral studies of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites during the June 1996 perijove pass of the Galileo spacecraft. Spectra for a 5-micrometer hot spot on Jupiter are consistent with the absence of a significant water cloud above 8 bars and with a depletion of water compared to that predicted for solar composition, corroborating results from the Galileo probe. Great Red Spot (GRS) spectral images show that parts of this feature extend upward to 240 millibars, although considerable altitude-dependent structure is found within it. A ring of dense clouds surrounds the GRS and is lower than it by 3 to 7 kilometers. Spectra of Callisto and Ganymede reveal a feature at 4. 25 micrometers, attributed to the presence of hydrated minerals or possibly carbon dioxide on their surfaces. Spectra of Europa's high latitudes imply that fine-grained water frost overlies larger grains. Several active volcanic regions were found on Io, with temperatures of 420 to 620 kelvin and projected areas of 5 to 70 square kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R -- Smythe, W -- Baines, K -- Barbinis, E -- Becker, K -- Burns, R -- Calcutt, S -- Calvin, W -- Clark, R -- Danielson, G -- Davies, A -- Drossart, P -- Encrenaz, T -- Fanale, F -- Granahan, J -- Hansen, G -- Herrera, P -- Hibbitts, C -- Hui, J -- Irwin, P -- Johnson, T -- Kamp, L -- Kieffer, H -- Leader, F -- Weissman, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Oct 18;274(5286):385-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8832878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydroxides/analysis ; *Jupiter ; Methane/analysis ; Phosphines/analysis ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Water/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    RAG mutations in human B cell-negative SCID (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-10-04
    Description: Patients with human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) can be divided into those with B lymphocytes (B+ SCID) and those without (B- SCID). Although several genetic causes are known for B+ SCID, the etiology of B- SCID has not been defined. Six of 14 B- SCID patients tested were found to carry a mutation of the recombinase activating gene 1 (RAG-1), RAG-2, or both. This mutation resulted in a functional inability to form antigen receptors through genetic recombination and links a defect in one of the site-specific recombination systems to a human disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwarz, K -- Gauss, G H -- Ludwig, L -- Pannicke, U -- Li, Z -- Lindner, D -- Friedrich, W -- Seger, R A -- Hansen-Hagge, T E -- Desiderio, S -- Lieber, M R -- Bartram, C R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Oct 4;274(5284):97-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Molecular Biology, University of Ulm, D-89070 Ulm, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8810255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line ; Consanguinity ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Genes, Recessive ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Male ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Proteins/*genetics ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Deletion ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/*genetics/immunology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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