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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azadirachtin:-advances in understanding its activity as an antifeedant (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: allelochemicals ; secondary plant metabolites ; feeding ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Schistocerca gregaria ; Locusta migratoria ; electrophysiology ; contact chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194716
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural and neurophysiological responses ofSpodoptera littoralis to azadirachtin and a range of synthetic analogues (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: azadirachtin ; azadirachtin analogues ; Spodoptera littoralis ; antifeedant ; behaviour ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The antifeedant activity of azadirachtin and 56 azadirachtin analogues, including 22,23-dihydroazalirachtin, against larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis was investigated using behavioural and electrophysiological bioassays. None of the analogues was as active as azadirachtin, although many showed significant antifeedant activity at high concentrations. The majority of the analogues stimulated a dose-dependent response from a neurone in the medial styloconic maxillary sensilla which correlated with the behavioural activity. Methylation of the hydroxy substitutions on the azadirachtin molecule usually resulted in a decrease in antifeedant activity, as did the addition of bulky groups to the dihydrofuran ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383020
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum, in historical buildings: monitoring the pest and its predators (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: deathwatch beetle ; Xestobium rufovillosum ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; timber pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trapping and monitoring experiments were conducted in the roof spaces of four buildings infested with deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum de Geer (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Data from sticky traps and an ultra-violet insectocutor showed that adult deathwatch beetles were trapped from May to July. The beetles were attracted to natural and UV light, and more beetles were caught on white coloured traps than yellow, blue or red traps. Deathwatch beetles comprised 30–40% of all arthropods caught. The weekly trap catch of all arthropods, including deathwatch beetle, was positively correlated with ambient temperature. Adult beetles flew in buildings at ambient temperatures greater than 17 °C. Arthropods caught in the buildings were categorised as resident, over-wintering or non-resident arthropods. Predatory spiders comprised 13% of arthropods caught and the predatory beetle, Korynetes caeruleus de Geer, was found in all four buildings. There was no evidence of other predators or parasitoids of the deathwatch beetle
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003824910137
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition and chemosensory stimulation of the root flies Delia radicum and D. floralis in response to plants and leaf surface extracts from resistant and susceptible Brassica genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 61-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antixenosis ; host-plant resistance ; host preference ; oviposition behaviour ; contact chemoreception ; glucosinolates ; Delia radicum ; Delia floralis ; Anthomyiidae ; Diptera ; Brassica ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Brassica crops differences in susceptibility to root fly attack can be largely attributed to antixenotic resistance. Plants of four genotypes (two swedes and two kales) with widely differing resistance in field trials, were compared in laboratory choice assays for their susceptibility to oviposition by the root flies Delia radicum (L.) and D. floralis (Fallen) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae). For both species the preference among the genotypes corresponded to the susceptibility of the genotypes in the field. The preference ranking in response to surrogate leaves treated with methanolic surface extracts of the four genotypes was identical to the preference among potted plants, demonstrating that chemical factors on the leaf surface mediate host preference for oviposition in these species. For both species of fly, glucosinolates are major oviposition stimulants and for D. radicum an additional, nonglucosinolate oviposition stimulant, presently called CIF, is known. We describe a procedure for chromatographic separation of glucosinolates from CIF in leaf surface extracts. In oviposition-choice assays with D. radicum, the CIF-fractions of the two swede genotypes applied to surrogate leaves received a 1.8 and 4.6 times higher proportion of eggs than the respective glucosinolate-fractions, confirming the major importance of CIF as an oviposition stimulant. The genotype of swede that was preferred by both fly species in tests with plants and methanolic leaf surface extracts, also stimulated oviposition more in tests with the glucosinolate-fractions or the CIF-fractions derived from the surface extracts, respectively. Thus, glucosinolates and CIF together account for the observed preference among the genotypes and may also be responsible for their susceptibility under field conditions. In the two kale genotypes the preference for plants or surface extracts differed from the preference among the corresponding glucosinolate- and CIF-fractions, indicating that additional, as yet unknown chemical factors may also be involved. For both groups of stimulants tarsal chemoreceptors allow electrophysiological monitoring of glucosinolate- and CIF-activity in fractionated surface extracts. For D. radicum the chemosensory activity of both glucosinolate- and CIF-fractions corresponded to the respective behavioural activity in the oviposition preference tests, suggesting that preference for oviposition among genotypes can be predicted from the electrophysiological activity of their fractions. The chemosensory response of D. floralis, in particular to the CIF-fractions, was less pronounced than the response of D. radicum, indicating interspecific differences in the perception of the major oviposition stimulants. We discuss the potential application of electrophysiological techniques in support of other screening methods used in breeding for root fly resistance in Brassica crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304457
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum: Oviposition preference choice assays testing old vs new oak timber, Quercus sp. (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: deathwatch beetle ; Xestobium rufovillosum ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; Quercus sp. ; host selection behaviour ; oviposition ; timber pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a choice bio-assay adult female deathwatch beetles were offered two dendrochronologically dated wood blocks from oak timber to study oviposition preference behaviour. There was a clear preference for ovipositing on old wood dating from the 13th to 19th centuries rather than new wood from the 20th century. Control, same-century choice, experiments showed that beetles will oviposit on young wood and that the age of the wood does not alter the overall oviposition potential. Oviposition frequency varied with insect age. Fecundity of insects collected from an infested building was similar to that of insects maintained in culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003558723537
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of species of host plants on the predation of thrips by Neoseiulus cucumeris, Iphiseius degenerans and Orius laevigatus (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Neoseiulus cucumeris ; Iphiseius degenerans ; Orius laevigatus ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis ; host plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A leaf-disc bioassay was used to compare the predation levels of two species of predatory mites (Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese)) and a predatory bug (Orius laevigatus (Fieber)), on the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), feeding on a range of susceptible plant species from twelve plant families. The predatory bug, O. laevigatus, reduced the number of thrips to a greater extent than the predatory mites and all three predators showed greater levels of predation on F. occidentalis than on H. haemorrhoidalis. The level of predation caused by each predator varied among the species of plants; the variation was greater on the plant hosts of H. haemorrhoidalis than of F. occidentalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003858401513
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Nucleotide Substitution in the Hepatitis C Virus Genome: Constraints on Sequence Change in Coding Regions at Both Ends of the Genome (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 45 (1997), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Hepatitis C virus — Synonymous substitutions — Functional constraints — Transition bias — Codon preference — RNA secondary structure — Evolutionary rate — Virus origins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Comparison of complete genome sequences for different variants of hepatitis C virus (HCV) reveals several different constraints on sequence change. Synonymous changes are suppressed in coding regions at both 5′ and 3′ ends of the genome. No evidence was found for the existence of alternative reading frames or for a lower mutation frequency in these regions. Instead, suppression may be due to constraints imposed by RNA secondary structures identified within the core and NS5b genes. Nonsynonymous substitutions are less frequent than synonymous ones except in the hypervariable region of E2 and, to a lesser extent, in E1, NS2, and NS5b. Transitions are more frequent than transversions, particularly at the third position of codons where the bias is 16:1. In addition, nucleotide substitutions may not occur symmetrically since there is a bias toward G or C at the third position of codons, while T ↔ C transitions were twice as frequent as A ↔ G transitions. These different biases do not affect the phylogenetic analysis of HCV variants but need to be taken into account in interpreting sequence change in longitudinal studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006226
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small scale variability in the flow of water and solutes, and implications for lysimeter studies of solute leaching (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lysimeters ; soil water ; solute leaching ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses results from an experiment in which the fluxes of non-reactive solutes and water were monitored in an 8×8 array of adjacent collectors (each of 36 cm2 area, covering a total area of 0.23 m2) located at 1m depth in a poorly-structured sandy loam soil profile. Water was applied uniformly to the soil surface at constant rates of either 4.3 or 19 mm/h, and a pulse of non-reactive solute (chloride) was added once the flows of water had become steady. Water continued to be applied at steady rate until all of the applied solute had been leached. The breakthrough curves for individual cells were analysed to determine the mean travel velocity and dispersivity. The water fluxes in individual collectors were very stable, but varied by over an order of magnitude, with collectors showing particularly rapid flow tending to be clustered. About 80% of the total flow was collected from 40% of the overall area of the array of collectors. However, there was only two-fold variation between cells in mean travel time velocity. This, coupled with a large ‘mobile’ water content (equivalent to about 70% of the porosity) implies that rapid flow through a relatively small volume of macropores was not responsible for transporting a large proportion of the water and solutes, and was not a major factor in the spatially variable discharge. We conclude that only a small increase in water-filled pore space was required to conduct the extra water applied at the faster application rate. The small amount of extra water-filled porosity brought into play at the higher flow rate served to increase the flow velocities through the matrix of water pathways that were conducting water at the slower application rate, rather than acting as a ‘bypass’ giving rise to very rapid flow velocities. Analysis of the breakthrough curves suggests that small scale hydrodynamic dispersion was the dominant contributor to dispersion at the ‘lysimeter’ scale. The results have implications for the design of and interpretation of lysimeter experiments and the interpretation of measurements of contaminant fluxes made using drainage samplers. We conclude that in the case of structureless sandy soils, lysimeters of the order of 1m deep and 1 m diameter are sufficiently large to be considered representative of a field soil at the 1 m scale at least in situations where macropore flow is not an important mechanisms of solute transport. Comparison of these results with other lysimeter studies on the same soil concluded that the nature of the lower boundary of lysimeters has substantial influence on the flow pathways and the consequent breakthrough curves. Drainage samplers which have collection areas much less than 0.1 m2 are likely to collect water and any dissolved contaminents at rates very different from the average flux densities measured at much larger scales, and so require careful interpretation. Finally, various hypotheses are considered to explain the lateral redistribution of water that occurred in the light of the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009790803137
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methyl Sulphone Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Cetaceans from the Irish and the Aegean Seas (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 35 (1998), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The levels of PCBs and PCB methyl sulphone metabolites were determined in the blubber of six species of cetaceans that originated from the Irish Sea and the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean). Burdens ranging from 2.80 to 27.80 μg g−1 (lipid weight) total PCBs and 0.03 to 0.58 μg g−1 (lipid weight) total methyl sulphones were recorded. The highest cetacean methyl sulphone burden (0.58 μg g−1) was in an Irish Sea harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Methyl sulphone isomer formation capacity, as determined by PCB:MSF ratios, varied considerably between species as follows: harbour porpoise (1:10) 〉 pilot whale (Globicephalus melas), white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus) (1:50) 〉 common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and striped dolphin (Stenella coerueoalba), (1:100), and was related to interspecific variation in PCB methyl sulphone formation capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900358
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of benzaldehyde by Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633 (1998)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 50 (1998), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes may be produced by the mandelate pathway of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633 via the biotransformation of benzoyl formate and substrate analogues. Under optimised biotransformation conditions (37 °C, pH 5.4) and with benzoyl formate as a substrate, benzaldehyde may be accumulated with yields above 85%. Benzaldehyde is toxic to P. putida ATCC 12633; levels above 0.5 g/l (5 mM) reduce the biotransformation activity. Total activity loss occurs at an aldehyde concentration of 2.1 g/l (20 mM). To overcome this limitation, the rapid removal of the aldehyde is desirable via in situ product removal. The biotransformation of benzoyl formate (working volume 1 l) without in situ product removal accumulates 2.1 g/l benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde removal by gas stripping produces a total of 3.5 g/l before inhibition. However, the most efficient method is solid-phase adsorption using activated charcoal as the sorbant, this allows the production of over 4.1 g/l benzaldehyde. Addition of bisulphite as a complexing agent causes inhibition of the biotransformation and bisulphite is therefore is not suitable for in situ product removal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051303
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