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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (85)
  • 1995-1999  (85)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1
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    Detection of atomic deuterium in the upper atmosphere of Mars (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-11
    Description: High-resolution spectroscopy of Mars' atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the deuterium Lyman alpha line at an intensity of 23 +/- 6 rayleighs. This measured intensity corresponds to HD/H2 = 1.5 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4), which is smaller by a factor of 11 than HDO/H2O. This indicates that fractionation of HD/H2 relative to that of HDO/H2O is not kinetically controlled by the rates of formation and destruction of H2 and HD but is thermodynamically controlled by the isotope exchange HD + H2O left and right arrow HDO + H2. Molecular hydrogen is strongly depleted in deuterium relative to water on Mars because of the very long lifetime of H2 (1200 years). The derived isotope fractionation corresponds to an estimate of a planetwide reservoir of water ice about 5 meters thick that is exchangeable with the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krasnopolsky, V A -- Mumma, M J -- Gladstone, G R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1576-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. VKras@lepvx3.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Deuterium/*analysis ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Ice ; *Mars ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Emerging marine diseases--climate links and anthropogenic factors (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected major taxa in the oceans. For closely monitored groups like corals and marine mammals, reports of the frequency of epidemics and the number of new diseases have increased recently. A dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997-98 is coincident with high El Nino temperatures. Such climate-mediated, physiological stresses may compromise host resistance and increase frequency of opportunistic diseases. Where documented, new diseases typically have emerged through host or range shifts of known pathogens. Both climate and human activities may have also accelerated global transport of species, bringing together pathogens and previously unexposed host populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvell, C D -- Kim, K -- Burkholder, J M -- Colwell, R R -- Epstein, P R -- Grimes, D J -- Hofmann, E E -- Lipp, E K -- Osterhaus, A D -- Overstreet, R M -- Porter, J W -- Smith, G W -- Vasta, G R -- 1PO1 ES09563/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1505-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture ; *Climate ; Cnidaria ; *Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Humans ; Infection/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission/*veterinary ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Water Pollution
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Testing the genetics of behavior in mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawson, G R -- Flint, J -- Wilkinson, L S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2068; author reply 2069-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/genetics ; *Behavior, Animal ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Genetics, Behavioral/*methods ; Handling (Psychology) ; Mice ; Reproducibility of Results
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Present-Day deformation across the basin and range province, western united states (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-12
    Description: The distribution of deformation within the Basin and Range province was determined from 1992, 1996, and 1998 surveys of a dense, 800-kilometer-aperture, Global Positioning System network. Internal deformation generally follows the pattern of Holocene fault distribution and is concentrated near the western extremity of the province, with lesser amounts focused near the eastern boundary. Little net deformation occurs across the central 500 kilometers of the network in western Utah and eastern Nevada. Concentration of deformation adjacent to the rigid Sierra Nevada block indicates that external plate-driving forces play an important role in driving deformation, modulating the extensional stress field generated by internal buoyancy forces that are due to lateral density gradients and topography near the province boundaries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thatcher -- Foulger -- Julian -- Svarc -- Quilty -- Bawden -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1714-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, MS/977, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Role of MEKK1 in cell survival and activation of JNK and ERK pathways defined by targeted gene disruption (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-04
    Description: Targeted disruption of the gene encoding MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1), a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase, defined its function in the regulation of MAPK pathways and cell survival. MEKK1(-/-) embryonic stem cells from mice had lost or altered responses of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) to microtubule disruption and cold stress but activated JNK normally in response to heat shock, anisomycin, and ultraviolet irradiation. Activation of JNK was lost and that of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) was diminished in response to hyperosmolarity and serum factors in MEKK1(-/-) cells. Loss of MEKK1 expression resulted in a greater apoptotic response of cells to hyperosmolarity and microtubule disruption. When activated by specific stresses that alter cell shape and the cytoskeleton, MEKK1 signals to protect cells from apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yujiri, T -- Sather, S -- Fanger, G R -- Johnson, G L -- DK37871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM30324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1911-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9836645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anisomycin/pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Size ; *Cell Survival ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Targeting ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Lysophospholipids/pharmacology ; *MAP Kinase Kinase 4 ; *MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 ; Mice ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Nocodazole/pharmacology ; Osmolar Concentration ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Stem Cells ; Temperature ; Transfection ; Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Presolar corundum and spinel in ordinary chondrites: origins from AGB stars and a supernova (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-11-13
    Description: On the basis of anomalous isotopic compositions of oxygen and magnesium, 14 oxide grains from two primitive meteorites (Bishunpur and Semarkona) have been identified as circumstellar condensates. One corundum grain has a high 18O/16O ratio and isotopic compositions of magnesium, calcium, and titanium that are compatible with a formation in ejecta of a type II supernova that was about 15 times the mass of the sun. The other grains have oxygen, magnesium, and titanium compositions that are consistent with a formation around asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars with a range of mass and initial composition. The large range of aluminum/magnesium in circumstellar corundum and spinel is considered to reflect various stages of back-reaction between condensed corundum and gaseous magnesium in cooling stellar ejecta.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choi, B G -- Huss, G R -- Wasserburg, G J -- Gallino, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 13;282(5392):1284-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. bchoi@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9812886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum/analysis ; Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Oxides/analysis ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Titanium/analysis
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  • 7
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    Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: Apoptosis is implicated in the generation and resolution of inflammation in response to bacterial pathogens. All bacterial pathogens produce lipoproteins (BLPs), which trigger the innate immune response. BLPs were found to induce apoptosis in THP-1 monocytic cells through human Toll-like receptor-2 (hTLR2). BLPs also initiated apoptosis in an epithelial cell line transfected with hTLR2. In addition, BLPs stimulated nuclear factor-kappaB, a transcriptional activator of multiple host defense genes, and activated the respiratory burst through hTLR2. Thus, hTLR2 is a molecular link between microbial products, apoptosis, and host defense mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aliprantis, A O -- Yang, R B -- Mark, M R -- Suggett, S -- Devaux, B -- Radolf, J D -- Klimpel, G R -- Godowski, P -- Zychlinsky, A -- AI 37720-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-38894/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):736-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Skirball Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10426996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD14/analysis ; *Apoptosis ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cell Line/metabolism ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Lipoproteins/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Monocytes/*cytology/immunology/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 8
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    Net primary production of a forest ecosystem with experimental CO2 enrichment (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide was increased by 200 microliters per liter in a forest plantation, where competition between organisms, resource limitations, and environmental stresses may modulate biotic responses. After 2 years the growth rate of the dominant pine trees increased by about 26 percent relative to trees under ambient conditions. Carbon dioxide enrichment also increased litterfall and fine-root increment. These changes increased the total net primary production by 25 percent. Such an increase in forest net primary production globally would fix about 50 percent of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide projected to be released into the atmosphere in the year 2050. The response of this young, rapidly growing forest to carbon dioxide may represent the upper limit for forest carbon sequestration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeLucia -- Hamilton -- Naidu -- Thomas -- Andrews -- Finzi -- Lavine -- Matamala -- Mohan -- Hendrey -- Schlesinger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1177-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA. Department of Botany, Institute of Statistics and Decision Science, Duke Universi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 9
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    Ploidy regulation of gene expression (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified genes showing ploidy-dependent expression in isogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that varied in ploidy from haploid to tetraploid. These genes were induced or repressed in proportion to the number of chromosome sets, regardless of the mating type. Ploidy-dependent repression of some G1 cyclins can explain the greater cell size associated with higher ploidies, and suggests ploidy-dependent modifications of cell cycle progression. Moreover, ploidy regulation of the FLO11 gene had direct consequences for yeast development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galitski, T -- Saldanha, A J -- Styles, C A -- Lander, E S -- Fink, G R -- GM35010/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):251-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chitinase/genetics ; Cyclins/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; G1 Phase ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Haploidy ; Lipoproteins/genetics/physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Peptides/genetics/physiology ; Pheromones ; *Ploidies ; Polyploidy ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Transcription Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Direct observation of heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-04
    Description: The heterogeneous replacement of chloride by nitrate in individual sea-salt particles was monitored continuously over time in the troposphere with the use of aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Modeling calculations show that the observed chloride displacement process is consistent with a heterogeneous chemical reaction between sea-salt particles and gas-phase nitric acid, leading to sodium nitrate production in the particle phase accompanied by liberation of gaseous HCl from the particles. Such single-particle measurements, combined with a single-particle model, make it possible to monitor and explain heterogeneous gas/particle chemistry as it occurs in the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gard -- Kleeman -- Gross -- Hughes -- Allen -- Morrical -- Fergenson -- Dienes -- E Galli M -- Johnson -- Cass -- Prather -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1184-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉E. E. Gard, D. S. Gross, B. D. Morrical, D. P. Fergenson, T. Dienes, M. E. Galli, K. A. Prather, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. M. J. Kleeman, L. S. Hughes, J. O. Allen, R. J. Johnson, G. R. Cass, Departme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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