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  • *Extraterrestrial Environment  (8)
  • 1995-1999  (8)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944
  • 1
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    Results from the Mars Pathfinder camera (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997
    Description: Images of the martian surface returned by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) show a complex surface of ridges and troughs covered by rocks that have been transported and modified by fluvial, aeolian, and impact processes. Analysis of the spectral signatures in the scene (at 440- to 1000-nanometer wavelength) reveal three types of rock and four classes of soil. Upward-looking IMP images of the predawn sky show thin, bluish clouds that probably represent water ice forming on local atmospheric haze (opacity approximately 0.5). Haze particles are about 1 micrometer in radius and the water vapor column abundance is about 10 precipitable micrometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, P H -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bridges, N T -- Britt, D T -- Gaddis, L -- Greeley, R -- Keller, H U -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Jaumann, R -- Johnson, J R -- Kirk, R L -- Lemmon, M -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M C -- Murchie, S L -- Oberst, J -- Parker, T J -- Reid, R J -- Sablotny, R -- Soderblom, L A -- Stoker, C -- Sullivan, R -- Thomas, N -- Tomasko, M G -- Wegryn, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1758-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. psmith@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Minerals ; *Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: The Hubble Space Telescope made systematic observations of the split comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) (P designates a periodic comet) starting in July 1993 and continuing through mid-July 1994 when the fragments plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere. Deconvolutions of Wide Field Planetary Camera images indicate that the diameters of some fragments may have been as large as approximately 2 to 4 kilometers, assuming a geometric albedo of 4 percent, but significantly smaller values (that is, 〈 1 kilometer) cannot be ruled out. Most of the fragments (or nuclei) were embedded in circularly symmetric inner comae from July 1993 until late June 1994, implying that there was continuous, but weak, cometary activity. At least a few nuclei fragmented into separate, condensed objects well after the breakup of the SL9 parent body, which argues against the hypothesis that the SL9 fragments were swarms of debris with no dominant, central bodies. Spectroscopic observations taken on 14 July 1994 showed an outburst in magnesium ion emission that was followed closely by a threefold increase in continuum emission, which may have been caused by the electrostatic charging and subsequent explosion of dust as the comet passed from interplanetary space into the jovian magnetosphere. No OH emission was detected, but the derived upper limit on the H2O production rate of approximately 10(27) molecules per second does not necessarily imply that the object was water-poor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weaver, H A -- A'Hearn, M F -- Arpigny, C -- Boice, D C -- Feldman, P D -- Larson, S M -- Lamy, P -- Levy, D H -- Marsden, B G -- Meech, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1282-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydroxyl Radical/analysis ; *Jupiter ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    HST imaging of atmospheric phenomena created by the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images reveal major atmospheric changes created by the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. Plumes rose to 3000 kilometers with ejection velocities on the order of 10 kilometers second-1; some plumes were visible in the shadow of Jupiter before rising into sunlight. During some impacts, the incoming bolide may have been detected. Impact times were on average about 8 minutes later than predicted. Atmospheric waves were seen with a wave front speed of 454 +/- 20 meters second-1. The HST images reveal impact site evolution and record the overall change in Jupiter's appearance as a result of the bombardment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hammel, H B -- Beebe, R F -- Ingersoll, A P -- Orton, G S -- Mills, J R -- Simon, A A -- Chodas, P -- Clarke, J T -- De Jong, E -- Dowling, T E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1288-96.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    HST far-ultraviolet imaging of Jupiter during the impacts of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Hubble Space Telescope far-ultraviolet images of Jupiter during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts show the impact regions darkening over the 2 to 3 hours after the impact, becoming darker and more extended than at longer wavelengths, which indicates that ultraviolet-absorbing gases or aerosols are more extended, more absorbing, and at higher altitudes than the absorbers of visible light. Transient auroral emissions were observed near the magnetic conjugate point of the K impact site just after that impact. The global auroral activity was fainter than average during the impacts, and a variable auroral emission feature was observed inside the southern auroral oval preceding the impacts of fragments Q1 and Q2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, J T -- Prange, R -- Ballester, G E -- Trauger, J -- Evans, R -- Rego, D -- Stapelfeldt, K -- Ip, W -- Gerard, J C -- Hammel, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1302-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The southern high-speed stream: results from the SWICS instrument on Ulysses (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-05-19
    Description: The high-speed solar wind streaming from the southern coronal hole was remarkably uniform and steady and was confined by a sharp boundary that extended to the corona and chromosphere. Charge state measurements indicate that the electron temperature in this coronal hole reached a maximum of about 1.5 million kelvin within 3 solar radii of the sun. This result, combined with the observed lack of depletion of heavy elements, suggests that an additional source of momentum is required to accelerate the polar wind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geiss, J -- Gloeckler, G -- von Steiger, R -- Balsiger, H -- Fisk, L A -- Galvin, A B -- Ipavich, F M -- Livi, S -- McKenzie, J F -- Ogilvie, K W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 May 19;268(5213):1033-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7754380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Elements ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ions ; *Solar System ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis/instrumentation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter observed by the NASA infrared telescope facility (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Infrared Telescope Facility was used to investigate the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter from 12 July to 7 August 1994. Strong thermal infrared emission lasting several minutes was observed after the impacts of fragments C, G, and R. All impacts warmed the stratosphere and some the troposphere up to several degrees. The abundance of stratospheric ammonia increased by more than 50 times. Impact-related particles extended up to a level where the atmospheric pressure measured several millibars. The north polar near-infrared aurora brightened by nearly a factor of 5 a week after the impacts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orton, G -- A'Hearn, M -- Baines, K -- Deming, D -- Dowling, T -- Goguen, J -- Griffith, C -- Hammel, H -- Hoffmann, W -- Hunten, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1277-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; *Solar System ; Temperature ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Response of the Io plasma torus to comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Spectroscopic and imaging observations of the Io plasma torus were made in June and July 1994 in conjunction with the encounter of periodic comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. Characteristic emissions from sulfur and oxygen ions showed a decline of about 30 percent in the extreme ultraviolet and an increase of about 40 percent in the far ultraviolet relative to preimpact observations. Changes in the extreme ultraviolet may be indicative of small changes in the torus electron temperature as a result of quenching of electrons by dust associated with the comet passage. However, no new emission features indicative of fragment dust within the torus were detected. The characteristic torus morphology seen in ground-based imaging was typical of that observed in the past.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGrath, M A -- Hall, D T -- Matheson, P L -- Weaver, H A -- Trauger, J T -- Smith, T E -- Thomas, N -- Gladstone, R -- Schneider, N M -- Harris, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1313-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Magnetics ; *Solar System ; Sulfur/analysis ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Over the southern solar pole: low-energy interplanetary charged particles (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-05-19
    Description: The heliosphere instrument for spectrum, composition, and anisotropy (HISCALE) recorded the fluxes of low-energy ions and electrons (〉 50 kiloelectron volts) when Ulysses crossed the southern solar polar region and revealed that the large-scale structure of the heliosphere to at least approximately -75 degrees was significantly influenced by the near-equatorial heliospheric current sheet. Electrons in particular were accelerated by the current sheet-produced and poleward-propagating interplanetary reverse shock at helioradii far from the Ulysses location. At heliolatitudes higher than approximately -75 degrees on the Ulysses ascent to the pole and approximately -50 degrees on the descent, small, less regular enhancements of the lowest energy electron fluxes were measured whose relations to the current sheet were less clear. The anomalous component of low-energy (approximately 2 to 5 megaelectron volts per nucleon) oxygen flux at the highest heliolatitudes was found to be approximately 10(-8) [per square centimeter per second per steradian (per kiloelectronvolt per nucleon)]; the anomalous Ne/O ratio was approximately 0.25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lanzerotti, L J -- Armstrong, T P -- Gold, R E -- Maclennan, C G -- Roelof, E C -- Simnett, G M -- Thomson, D J -- Anderson, K A -- Hawkins, S E 3rd -- Krimigis, S M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 May 19;268(5213):1010-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7754378" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electrons ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ions ; Oxygen ; *Solar System ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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