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  • 1
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    Endocranial capacity in an early hominid cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Two- and three-dimensional computer imaging shows that endocranial capacity in an approximately 2.8- to 2.6-million-year-old early hominid cranium (Stw 505) from Sterkfontein, South Africa, tentatively assigned to Australopithecus africanus, is approximately 515 cubic centimeters. Although this is the largest endocranial capacity recorded for this species, it is still markedly less than anecdotal reports of endocranial capacity exceeding 600 cubic centimeters. No australopithecine has an endocranial capacity approaching, let alone exceeding, 600 cubic centimeters. Some currently accepted estimates of early hominid endocranial capacity may be inflated, suggesting that the tempo and mode of early hominid brain evolution may need reevaluation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conroy, G C -- Weber, G W -- Seidler, H -- Tobias, P V -- Kane, A -- Brunsden, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 12;280(5370):1730-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Anthropology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. conroyg@thalamus.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Computer Simulation ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; *Models, Anatomic ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; South Africa ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Inactivation of misselected CD8 T cells by CD8 gene methylation and cell death (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: Misselected CD8 cells that express T cell receptors (TCRs) that do not recognize class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein can emerge from thymic selection. A postthymic quality control mechanism that purges these cells from the repertoire is defined here. The failure of mature CD8 cells to simultaneously engage their TCR and CD8 coreceptor triggers an activation process that begins with inhibition of CD8 gene expression through remethylation and concludes with up-regulation of surface Fas and Fas ligand and cellular apoptosis. Thus, inhibition of a death signal through continued TCR-CD8 coengagement of MHC molecules is a key checkpoint for the continued survival of correctly selected T cells. Molecular defects that prevent delivery of the death signal to mistakenly selected T cells underlie the expansion of double-negative T cells, which is the cellular signature of a subset of systemic autoimmune diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pestano, G A -- Zhou, Y -- Trimble, L A -- Daley, J -- Weber, G F -- Cantor, H -- AI 13600/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 37833/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA76176/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1187-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325233" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Antigens, CD8/*genetics ; Antigens, CD95/genetics ; *Apoptosis ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology ; *DNA Methylation ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Granzymes ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Lymphocyte Count ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics/immunology ; Serine Endopeptidases/genetics ; Thymus Gland/immunology ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Privacy in genetics research (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuller, B P -- Kahn, M J -- Barr, P A -- Biesecker, L -- Crowley, E -- Garber, J -- Mansoura, M K -- Murphy, P -- Murray, J -- Phillips, J -- Rothenberg, K -- Rothstein, M -- Stopfer, J -- Swergold, G -- Weber, B -- Collins, F K -- Hudson, K L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1359-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉barbaraf@exchange.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10490410" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; *Confidentiality ; *Disclosure ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Federal Government ; *Genetic Privacy ; *Genetic Research ; *Genetics, Medical ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Privacy ; Research/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; *Research Subjects ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    MP1: a MEK binding partner that enhances enzymatic activation of the MAP kinase cascade (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-11
    Description: Signal transduction is controlled both by regulation of enzyme activation and by organization of enzymatic complexes with nonenzymatic adapters, scaffolds, and anchor proteins. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is one of several evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades important in the regulation of growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. A two-hybrid screen was conducted to identify nonenzymatic components of this signaling cascade that might be important in regulating its activity. A protein called MP1 (MEK Partner 1) was identified that bound specifically to MEK1 and ERK1 and facilitated their activation. When overexpressed in cultured cells, MP1 enhanced activation of ERK1 and activation of a reporter driven by the transcription factor Elk-1. Expression of MP1 in cells increased binding of ERK1 to MEK1. MP1 apparently functions as an adapter to enhance the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaeffer, H J -- Catling, A D -- Eblen, S T -- Collier, L S -- Krauss, A -- Weber, M J -- CA39076/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM47332/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1668-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9733512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; MAP Kinase Kinase 2 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Different subtypes of HIV-1 and cutaneous dendritic cells (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pope, M -- Ho, D D -- Moore, J P -- Weber, J -- Dittmar, M T -- Weiss, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 31;278(5339):786-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Disease Outbreaks ; Epidermis/cytology ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; HIV-1/classification/*physiology ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Langerhans Cells/*virology ; Species Specificity ; Thailand/epidemiology ; *Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Silk properties determined by gland-specific expression of a spider fibroin gene family (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-04-05
    Description: Spiders produce a variety of silks that range from Lycra-like elastic fibers to Kevlar-like superfibers. A gene family from the spider Araneus diadematus was found to encode silk-forming proteins (fibroins) with different proportions of amorphous glycine-rich domains and crystal domains built from poly(alanine) and poly(glycine-alanine) repeat motifs. Spiders produce silks of different composition by gland-specific expression of this gene family, which allows for a range of mechanical properties according to the crystal-forming potential of the constituent fibroins. These principles of fiber property control may be important in the development of genetically engineered structural proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guerette, P A -- Ginzinger, D G -- Weber, B H -- Gosline, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Apr 5;272(5258):112-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/analysis ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Northern ; Crystallization ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Exocrine Glands/*metabolism ; Fibroins/*chemistry/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Library ; *Insect Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/analysis ; Proline/analysis ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; *Silk ; Spiders/*chemistry/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Enhanced dissociation of HLA-DR-bound peptides in the presence of HLA-DM (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-10-25
    Description: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM is a critical participant in antigen presentation that catalyzes the release of class II-associated invariant chain-derived peptides (CLIP) from newly synthesized class II histocompatibility molecules, freeing the peptide-binding site for acquisition of antigenic peptides. The mechanism for the selective release of CLIP but not other peptides is unknown. DM was found to enhance the rate of peptide dissociation to an extent directly proportional to the intrinsic rate of peptide dissociation from HLA-DR, regardless of peptide sequence. Thus, CLIP is rapidly released in the presence of DM, because its intrinsic rate of dissociation is relatively high. In antigen presentation, DM has the potential to markedly enhance the rate of peptide exchange, favoring the presentation of peptides with slower intrinsic rates of dissociation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weber, D A -- Evavold, B D -- Jensen, P E -- AI30554/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI33614/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):618-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8849454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; HLA-D Antigens/*metabolism ; HLA-DR Antigens/immunology/*metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/immunology/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 8
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    A familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 1 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-18
    Description: The Volga German kindreds are a group of seven related families with autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Linkage to known AD-related loci on chromosomes 21 and 14 has been excluded. Significant evidence for linkage to AD in these families was obtained with D1S479 and there was also positive evidence for linkage with other markers in the region. A 112-base pair allele of D1S479 co-segregated with the disease in five of seven families, which is consistent with a common genetic founder. This study demonstrates the presence of an AD locus on chromosome 1q31-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levy-Lahad, E -- Wijsman, E M -- Nemens, E -- Anderson, L -- Goddard, K A -- Weber, J L -- Bird, T D -- Schellenberg, G D -- AG05136/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG05635/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HG00835/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Aug 18;269(5226):970-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (182B), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108-1597, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7638621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease/ethnology/*genetics ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; Genotype ; Germany/ethnology ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pedigree
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Requirement for MAP kinase (ERK2) activity in interferon alpha- and interferon beta-stimulated gene expression through STAT proteins (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-09-22
    Description: Activation of early response genes by interferons (IFNs) requires tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins. It was found that the serine-threonine kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [specifically, the 42-kilodalton MAPK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2)] interacted with the alpha subunit of IFN-alpha/beta receptor in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of cells with IFN-beta induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of MAPK and caused MAPK and Stat1 alpha to coimmunoprecipitate. Furthermore, expression of dominant negative MAPK inhibited IFN-beta-induced transcription. Therefore, MAPK appears to regulate IFN-alpha and IFN-beta activation of early response genes by modifying the Jak-STAT signaling cascade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉David, M -- Petricoin, E 3rd -- Benjamin, C -- Pine, R -- Weber, M J -- Larner, A C -- GM47332/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 22;269(5231):1721-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cytokine Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7569900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/pharmacology ; Interferon-beta/*pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Phosphorylation ; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta ; Receptors, Interferon/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tyrosine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Receptor-ligand interaction between CD44 and osteopontin (Eta-1) (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-01-26
    Description: The CD44 family of surface receptors regulates adhesion, movement, and activation of normal and neoplastic cells. The cytokine osteopontin (Eta-1), which regulates similar cellular functions, was found to be a protein ligand of CD44. Osteopontin induces cellular chemotaxis but not homotypic aggregation, whereas the inverse is true for the interaction between CD44 and a carbohydrate ligand, hyaluronate. The different responses of cells after CD44 ligation by either osteopontin or hyaluronate may account for the independent effects of CD44 on cell migration and growth. This mechanism may also be exploited by tumor cells to promote metastasis formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weber, G F -- Ashkar, S -- Glimcher, M J -- Cantor, H -- AI12184/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI13600/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AR34078/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Jan 26;271(5248):509-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8560266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD44/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Aggregation ; Cell Line ; *Chemotaxis ; Cytokines/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ligands ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/metabolism ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Osteopontin ; Sialoglycoproteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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