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  • General Chemistry  (17)
  • Organic Chemistry  (11)
  • Clamator glandarius  (6)
  • 1995-1999  (29)
  • 1980-1984  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1547-1553 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Imidazaboles ; Carbene-borane adducts ; Azole-borane adducts ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and characterization of five new imidazabole derivatives is reported: 1,5-dibenzyl-4,4,8,8-tetrahydroimidazabole (2), 4,4,8,8-tetrafluoro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (3), 4,4-difluoro-8,8-dihydro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (4), 4,4,8,8-tetrachloro-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (5), and 4,4,8,8-tetraethyl-1,5-dimethylimidazabole (6). The structures of compounds 2-6 as dimeric carbene-borane adducts rather than dimeric N-borane adducts are discussed on the basis of NMR (2-6) and X-ray diffraction data (2, 3, 5 and 6).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Alkaline earth metals ; Group-13 metals ; Coordination chemistry ; Bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-2-phenyl)amine ligand ; Nonacoordinated strontium compound ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol and aqueous ammonia with boron, aluminum, gallium, or strontium chloride, or with calcium or barium acetate produce, under oxidizing conditions, neutral complexes of stoichiometric formulae ML (M = BCl), ML2, [M = Al (2), Ga (3), Ca (4), and Ba (5)], and ML3H [M = Sr (6)] [L = different oxidation states of bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-2-phenyl)amine]. The structures of 1 and 4-6 were established by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and of 2, 3, and 6 by X-ray diffraction. The coordination compound ClBL (1) was obtained by transmetallation of ZnL2 with BCl3. It is a tetracyclic compound with tetracoordinated boron and nitrogen atoms, the ligand being in the reduced form, bis(hydroxyphenyl)amine. The paramagnetic complexes 2 and 3 crystallized in the triclinic system and are hexacoordinated with two orthogonal planar ligands bonded to the metal atoms. The ligands appear in two different oxidation states: one as the monoanion and another as a radical dianion. Based on their X-ray diffraction molecular structures, it is deduced that both ligands have similar structures, confirming electronic delocalization and fast interconversion of their oxidation states. Ca and Ba complexes are diamagnetic and hexacoordinated, both ligands being monoanions The strontium complex crystallized in the monoclinic system, the metal atom is nonacoordinated, having two ligands as monoanions, and a third one is a neutral protonated diquinone. Its structure is a distorted helix with three paddles in a C3 geometry and its unexpected diamagnetic behaviour is due to the presence of a reduced protonated ligand.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Egg laying ; Multiple parasitism ; Territory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of egg laying in great spotted cuckoo females using microsatellite typing to determine parentage of the eggs and nestlings found in host (magpie) nests. The results showed that there were no exclusive laying territories in the study area. Cases of multiparasitism could be due to single females laying two or more eggs in a nest, or to several females using the same nest. In the latter case multiparasitism was due to a shortage of available host nests. We argue that the need for very large laying areas and the likely small cost of sharing parental care for chicks make the costs of defending territories higher than the benefits, which has constrained the evolution of territoriality in this species.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Coevolution ; Parasite counter-defences ; Pica pica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A long-term study of the interactions between a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius, and its primary host the magpie Pica pica, demonstrated local changes in the distribution of both magpies and cuckoos and a rapid increase of rejection of both mimetic and non-mimetic model eggs by the host. In rich areas, magpies improved three of their defensive mechanisms: nest density and breeding synchrony increased dramatically and rejection rate of cuckoo eggs increased more slowly. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that parasitism rate decreased as host density increased and cuckoo density decreased. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of changes in magpie nest density in the study plots was significantly affected by the density of magpie nests during the previous year (positively) and the rejection rate of mimetic model eggs (negatively). These results are consistent with a hypothesis (the intermittent arms race hypothesis) of spatially structured cyclic changes in parasitism. During periods of parasitism, host defences continuously improve, and as a consequence, the fitness gains for parasites decrease. When host defences against parasites reach a high level, dispersing parasites have a selective advantage if they are able to emigrate to areas of low resistance. Once parasites have left an area hosts will lose their defensive adaptations due to their cost in the absence of parasitism. The scene is then set for re-colonization by great spotted cuckoos.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Food allocation ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult magpies Pica pica provide parasitic great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius nestlings with a diet very similar to that fed to their own chicks. In both naturally and experimentally parasitized nests, great spotted cuckoo chicks were fed at a higher rate than magpie chicks in the same nest. This preferential allocation of food by magpie parents to great spotted cuckoo chicks is consistent with the supernormal stimulus hypothesis, because this result implies that cuckoo chicks provide stronger stimuli for parental care than host chicks. Great spotted cuckoo chicks receive most of the food brought to the nest by the foster parents, because they exploit a series of stimuli which jointly (or sometimes individually) operate as a supernormal stimulus. This hypothesis predicts that if any stimulus is masked, the efficiency of the cuckoo in eliciting parental care will decrease. Here, we analyze experimentally the effects of two of these stimuli, preferential feeding of large nestlings and of nestlings with conspicuous palatal papillae. Firstly, when we experimentally introduced one medium-sized (7–9 days) cuckoo chick into an unparasitized magpie nest where the largest magpie chick was 12–15 days old, the cuckoo did not receive significantly more food than the average or the largest magpie chick. Secondly, when unparasitized nests were experimentally parasitized with a cuckoo chick that had its gape painted to mimic that of magpie chicks, the parasitic cuckoo received less food than the average magpie chick.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate non-mimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not non-mimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a super-normal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in non-parasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Chick recognition ; Pica pica ; Supernormal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hosts of brood parasites have evolved the ability to discriminate nonmimetic and even mimetic eggs, but not nonmimetic chicks. Here we demonstrate that the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius does not provide its magpie Pica pica host with a supernormal stimulus that helps to avoid recognition, because single cuckoo chicks introduced into otherwise unparasitized magpie nests are not fed at a higher frequency than single magpie chicks introduced to parasitized magpie nests. Another series of experiments demonstrated that magpies have the ability to discriminate cuckoo chicks, mainly when these are introduced at the end of the nestling period, and especially when the cuckoo chick together with a magpie chick is presented to adult magpies outside the nest. This supports the idea that cuckoos exploit the obligatory reaction of magpies to feed all young that have been hatched in their nests and whose “signatures” they have learnt. Furthermore, the experimental cuckoo chicks in parasitized magpie nests were more likely to be accepted than they were in nonparasitized nests. This supports the hypothesis that magpies may learn to recognise their own nestlings as those present in the nest and may indicate that a comparison between cuckoo and magpie nestlings is the basis of discrimination.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Facile synthesis of derivatives of 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and 7,9-diphenyl-8-azabicyclo[4.3.1]decaneThe facile synthesis of hydantoins, cyanhydrins and aminonitriles derived from 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanone and 7,9-diphenyl-8-azabicyclo[4.3.1]decanone is described. Configurations at C(9) or C(10) of the new compounds wth pharmaceutical and synthetical utility is deduced from their spectral properties.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of Spyrohydantoines Derivatives of 2,4-Diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and 7,9-Diphenyl-8-azabicyclo[4.3.1]decane via Bucherer Reaction in N,N-Dimethylformamide: Influence of the Temperature and Stereochemical PathThe unreactives ketones related to 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-9-one to the Bucherer reaction in usuals conditions show excellent reactivity in DMF. as unique solvant. The stereochemical paths of these reactions and the synthetic utility of the temperature modification are described.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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