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  • Articles  (53)
  • 1990-1994  (53)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Response of Natural Ecosystems to the Rising Global CO2 Levels (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 21 (1990), S. 167-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.001123
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric CO2, plant nitrogen status and the susceptibility of plants to an acute increase in temperature (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are expected to affect plant performance and may alter global temperature patterns. Changes in mean air temperatures that might be induced by rising levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases could also be accompanied by increased variability in daily temperatures such that acute increases in air temperature may be more likely than at present. Consequently, we investigated whether plants grown in a CO2 enriched atmosphere would be differently affected by a heat shock than plants grown at ambient CO2 levels. Plants of a C3 annual (Abutilon theophrasti), a C3 annual crop (Sinapis alba) and a C4 annual (Amaranthus retroflexus) were grown from seed in growth chambers under either 400 or 700cm3 m−3 CO2, and were fertilized with either a high or low nutrient regime. Young seedlings of S. alba, as well as plants of all species in either the vegetative or reproductive phase of growth were exposed to a 4-h heat shock in which the temperature was raised an additional 14–23°C (depending on plant age). Total biomass and reproductive biomass were examined to determine the effect of CO2, nutrient and heat shock treatments on plant performance. Heat shock, CO2, and nutrient treatments, all had some significant effects on plant performance, but plants from both CO2 treatments responded similarly to heat shocks. We also found, as expected, that plants grown under high CO2 had dramatically decreased tissue N concentrations relative to plants grown under ambient conditions. We predicted that high-CO2-grown plants would be more susceptible to a heat shock than ambient-CO2-grown plants, because the reduced N concentrations of high-CO2 grown plants could result in the reduced synthesis of heat shock proteins and reduced thermotolerance. Although we did not examine heat shock proteins, our results showed little relationship between plant nitrogen status and the ability of a plant to tolerate an acute increase in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01539.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance and allocation patterns of the perennial herb, Plantago lanceolata, in response to simulated herbivory and elevated CO2 environments (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allocation ; Compensatory growth ; Defoliation ; Reproductive effort ; Seed quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the prediction that plants grown in elevated CO2 environments are better able to compensate for biomass lost to herbivory than plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. The herbaceous perennial Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) was grown in either near ambient (380 ppm) or enriched (700 ppm) CO2 atmospheres, and then after 4 weeks, plants experienced either 1) no defoliation; 2) every fourth leaf removed by cutting; or 3) every other leaf removed by cutting. Plants were harvested at week 13 (9 weeks after simulated herbivory treatments). Vegetative and reproductive weights were compared, and seeds were counted, weighed, and germinated to assess viability. Plants grown in enriched CO2 environments had significantly greater shoot weights, leaf areas, and root weights, yet had significantly lower reproductive weights (i.e. stalks + spikes + seeds) and produced fewer seeds, than plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. Relative biomass allocation patterns further illustrated differences in plants grown in ambient CO2 environments. Relative biomass allocation patterns further illustrated differences in plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres: enriched CO2-grown plants only allocated 10% of their carbon resources to reproduction whereas ambient CO2-grown plants allocated over 20%. Effects of simulated herbivory on plant performance were much less dramatic than those induced by enriched CO2 atmospheres. Leaf area removal did not reduce shoot weights or reproductive weights of plants in either CO2 treatment relative to control plants. However, plants from both CO2 treatments experienced reductions in root weights with leaf area removal, indicating that plants compensated for lost above-ground tissues, and maintained comparable levels of reproductive output and seed viability, at the expense of root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323777
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 and drought alter tissue water relations of birch (Betula populifolia Marsh.) seedlings (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 95 (1993), S. 599-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Global Change ; Forest regeneration ; Osmotic adjustment ; Cell wall elasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tissue water relations was examined in Betula populifolia, a common pioneer tree species of the northeastern U.S. deciduous forests. Components of tissue water relations were estimated from pressure volume curves of tree seedlings grown in either ambient (350 μl l−1) or elevated CO2 (700 μl l−1), and both mesic and xeric water regimes. Both CO2 and water treatment had significant effects on osmotic potential at full hydration, apoplasmic fractions, and tissue elastic moduli. Under xeric conditions and ambient CO2 concentrations, plants showed a decrease in osmotic potentials of 0.15 MPa and an increase in tissue elastic moduli at full hydration of 1.5 MPa. The decrease in elasticity may enable plants to improve the soil-plant water potential gradient given a small change in water content, while lower osmotic potentials shift the zero turgor loss point to lower water potentials. Under elevated CO2, plants in xeric conditions had osmotic potentials 0.2 MPa lower than mesic plants and decreased elastic moduli at full hydration. The increase in tissue elasticity at elevated CO2 enabled the xeric plants to maintain positive turgor pressures at lower water potentials and tissue water contents. Surprisingly, the elevated CO2 plants under mesic conditions had the most inelastic tissues. We propose that this inelasticity may enable plants to generate a favorable water potential gradient from the soil to the plant despite the low stomatal conductances observed under elevated CO2 conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317447
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2-induced growth enhancements of co-occurring tree species decline at different rates (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 478-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 atmospheres ; Forest productivity ; Quercus ; Betula ; Acer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate how enriched CO2 atmospheres, soil fertility, and light availability interact to influence the long-term growth of tree seedlings, six co-occurring members of temperate forest communities including ash (Fraxinus americana L.), gray birch (Betula populifolia), red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were raised in a glasshouse for three years in a complete factorial design. After three years of growth, plants growing in elevated CO2 atmospheres were generally larger than those in ambient CO2 atmospheres, however, magnitudes of CO2-induced growth enhancements were contingent on the availability of nitrogen and light, as well as species identity. For all species, magnitudes of CO2-induced growth enhancements after one year of growth were greater than after three years of growth, though species' growth enhancements over the three years declined at different rates. These results suggest that CO2-induced enhancements in forest productivity may not be sustained for long periods of time. Additionally, species' differential growth responses to elevated CO2 may indirectly influence forest productivity via long-term species compositional changes in forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320504
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost of reproduction as reduced growth in genotypes of two congeneric species with contrasting life histories (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Time of reproduction ; Size at reproduction ; Reproductive effort ; Reproductive output ; Photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined the effect of reproduction on growth in 33 genotypes of Plantago major and 14 genotypes of P. rugelii. These two herbaceous perennials have contrasting life histories; P. major reproduces at a smaller size, and allocates a larger proportion of its biomass to reproduction, than P. rugelii. The effect of reproduction on frowth was determined experimentally using photoperiod manipulations to control level of reproduction. The difference in growth between reproductive treatments was divided by the difference in capsule weight to produce a measure of reproductive cost per g of capsule for genotypes of the two species. In both species there was substantial variation among genotypes in the effect of reproduction on growth. Much of this variation could be correlated with differences among genotypes in the extent of reproductive investment and plant size. Cost in terms of reduction in growth per g of capsule increased with reproductive investment in P. rugelii, and with plant size in P. major. We suggest the differences between species in timing and extent of reproduction are related to the differences between species in effect of reproduction on growth. Plantago rugelii may reproduce to a lesser extent than P. major because cost per g of capsule in terms of reduced vegetative biomass, increases with reproductive output in the former species, but not in the latter. Similarly, P. major may reproduce earlier than P. rugelii because cost per g of capsule increases with plant size in P. major, but not in P. rugelii.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317804
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 differentially alters the responses of coocurring birch and maple seedlings to a moisture gradient (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Moisture gradient ; Biomass ; Niche breadth ; Gray birch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the effects of elevated CO2 and soil moisture status on growth and niche characteristics of birch and maple seedlings, gray birch (Betula populifolia) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were experimentally raised along a soil moisture gradient ranging from extreme drought to flooded conditions at both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to CO2 was largely contingent on soil moisture conditions, but differently so for maple than for birch seedlings. Red maple showed greatest CO2 enhancements under moderately moist soil conditions, whereas gray birch showed greatest enhancements under moderately dry soil conditions. Additionally, CO2 had a relatively greater ameliorating effect in flooded conditions for red maple than for gray birch, whereas the reverse pattern was true for these species under extreme drought conditions. For both species, elevated CO2 resulted in a reduction in niche breadths on the moisture gradient; 5% for gray birch and 23% for red maple. Species niche overlap (proportional overall) was also lower at elevated CO2 (0.98 to: 0.88: 11%). This study highlights the utility of of experiments crossing CO2 levels with gradients of other resources as effective tools for elucidating the potential consequences of elevated CO2 on species distributions and potential interactions in natural communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317191
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitations to CO2-induced growth enhancement in pot studies (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 550-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Elevated CO2 ; Growth enhancement ; Nutrients ; Pot size ; Root restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, it has been suggested that small pots may reduce or eliminate plant responses to enriched CO2 atmospheres due to root restriction. While smaller pot volumes provide less physical space available for root growth, they also provide less nutrients. Reduced nutrient availability alone may reduce growth enhancement under elevated CO2. To investigate the relative importance of limited physical rooting space separate from and in conjunction with soil nutrients, we grew plants at ambient and double-ambient CO2 levels in growth containers of varied volume, shape, nutrient concentration, and total nutrient content. Two species (Abutilon theophrasti, a C3 dicot with a deep tap root andSetaria faberii, a C4 monocot with a shallow diffuse root system) were selected for their contrasting physiology and root architecture. Shoot demography was determined weekly and biomass was determined after eight and ten weeks of growth. Increasing total nutrients, either by increasing nutrient concentration or by increasing pot size, increased plant growth. Further, increasing pot size while maintaining equal total nutrients per pot resulted in increased total biomass for both species. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were greatest in pots with high nutrient concentrations, regardless of total nutrient content or pot size, and were also mediated by the shape of the pot. CO2-induced growth and reproductive yield enhancements were unaffected by pot size (growth) or were greater in small pots (reproductive yield), regardless of total nutrient content, contrary to predictions based on earlier studies. These results suggest that several aspects of growth conditions within pots may influence the CO2 responses of plants; pot size, pot shape, the concentration and total amount of nutrient additions to pots may lead to over-or underestimates of the CO2 responses of real-world plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566971
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 and plant nitrogen-use: is reduced tissue nitrogen concentration size-dependent? (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Allometry ; C/N Balance ; Global change ; Nitrogen-use efficiency ; Physiological adjustments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants often respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels with reduced tissue nitrogen concentrations relative to ambient CO2-grown plants when comparisons are made at a common time. Another common response to enriched CO2 atmospheres is an acceleration in plant growth rates. Because plant nitrogen concentrations are often highest in seedlings and subsequently decrease during growth, comparisons between ambient and elevated CO2-grown plants made at a common time may not demonstrate CO2-induced reductions in plant nitrogen concentration per se. Rather, this comparison may be highlighting differences in nitrogen concentration between bigger, more developed plants and smaller, less developed plants. In this study, we directly examined whether elevated CO2 environments reduce plant nitrogen concentrations independent of changes in plant growth rates. We grew two annual plant species. Abutilon theophrasti (C3 photosynthetic pathway) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C4 photosynthetic pathway), from seed in glass-sided growth chambers with atmospheric CO2 levels of 350 μmol·mol−1 or 700 μmol·mol−1 and with high or low fertilizer applications. Individual plants were harvested every 2 days starting 3 days after germination to determine plant biomass and nitrogen concentration. We found: 1. High CO2-grown plants had reduced nitrogen concentrations and increased biomass relative to ambient CO2-grown plants when compared at a common time; 2. Tissue nitrogen concentrations did not vary as a function of CO2 level when plants were compared at a common size; and 3. The rate of biomass accumulation per rate of increase in plant nitrogen was unaffected by CO2 availability, but was altered by nutrient availability. These results indicate that a CO2-induced reduction in plant nitrogen concentration may not be due to physiological changes in plant nitrogen use efficiency, but is probably a size-dependent phenomenon resulting from accelerated plant growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317671
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morning vs afternoon sun patches in experimental forest gaps: consequences of temporal incongruency of resources to birch regeneration (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Betula ; Photosynthesis ; Seedling regeneration ; Timing of resource availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated whether the timing of high light availability as sun patches within forest gaps, independent of total or peak photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), influences the physiology and growth of four coexisting birch species (Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, and B. populifolia). Birch seedlings were grown for two years along either the east or west sides of experimental gap structures and at two moisture levels. Seedlings positioned in the west received sun patches earlier in the day than those in the east, and environmental conditions for carbon gain were generally more favorable during the earlier sunpatches in the west; air and leaf temperatures were lower, and relative humidity higher, relative to conditions during sun patches in the cats, simulating patterns observed in natural forest gaps. Seedlings positioned along the west edges of gaps fixed more carbon earlier in the day than those in the east, and in many cases, peak net photosynthetic rates were greater for west positioned seedlings. In year two, leaf-level integrated daily carbon gain was greater for west- than eastpositioned plants, and for the most pioneer species, B. populifolia, differences between west and east seedlings were greatest at lower soil moisture levels. Despite some small effects on leaf gas exchange, the timing of high light availability, and its temporal congruence with other factors critical to carbon gain, had no significant effects on first or second year seedling biomass. The responses of birch seedlings to controlled variations in the timing of high light availability were generally much smaller than birch seedling responses to variations in other components of daily light regimes such as total integrated and peak PPF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341322
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