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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (4)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (2)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (6)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (3)
  • 1985-1989  (3)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (6)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 2033-2040 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 13C NMR, SCS ; Substituent effects ; Imines ; Isomerization, (E,Z) Schiff bases ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sterically congested N-(1,1,3,3-tetraalkyl-2-indanylidene)-amines 8-11, N-(cyclopentylidene)anilines 13-17, and two of their salts are described, together with a short synthesis of 2-imino-1,1,3,3-tetramethylindan (5). Some of these imines show rapid (E,Z) equilibration. Positively and negatively charged nitrogen functions (in 6 and 7) cause opposite 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shift effects along the C = N bond. Chemical shifts are almost equally affected by the lone electron pair and by the imino N-H bond. Substituent-induced chemical shifts (SCS) have been assigned for all syn and anti positions with respect to methyl, phenyl, and 2,6-dimethylphenyl groups at the imino nitrogen atom. The structurally well-defined, rigid imines recommend themselves as new models for the calibration of theoretical approaches to syn/anti-differentiating SCS.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereotopomerization, (E, Z) ; Imines ; Inversion, nitrogen ; Permethylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Experimental differentiation between pure C=N double bond rotation and nitrogen inversion in N1-arylimines is possible with a single compound (13b) under the proviso of slow rotation about the N-aryl single bond. Labelling by 1H and 13C nuclei at the diastereotopic faces of the C=N moiety as well as of the N-aryl group is the clue to a successful stereodynamic analysis, as performed by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy of 13b, a sterically congested and chiral model compound. Interpretation of similar measurements on a second model (13d) is less straightforward. The experimental observation of time-averaged Cs symmetry by NMR coalescences is only compatible with a mechanism of (E/Z) stereomutation either by pure inversion at sp2 nitrogen or by a contribution from C=N rotation together with a synchronized (geared) controtation about the N-aryl single bond. However, the latter combination is concluded to be predominantly inversion-like by comparisons with related imines.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of Tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane S-Oxides and Bis(triflouromethyl)sulfineThe corresponding S-oxides 2-6 could be obtained by oxidation of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane (1). Similar oxidation of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)thiirane (8) yields the episulfoxide 12, but not the episulfone 14. Pyrolysis of 2, 3, 5, and 6 have been investigated and bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfine (7) could be isolated as the first member of perfluoroalkylsulfines as well as the sulfonylfluoride 13 being the product of isomerization of bis(trifluoromethyl)-sulfene (9). 7 could also be obtained by ring opening from 3 with bases and by oxidation of hexafluorothioacetone (11), respectively. Solvolytic ring opening in 5 and 6 yields the sulfones 16 and 17.
    Notes: Durch Oxidation des 2,2,4,4-Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)-1,3-dithietans (1) erhält man dessen S-Oxide 2-6. Auf gleiche Weise gelingt die Oxidation des 2,2,4,4-Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)thiirans (8) zum Episulfoxid 12, nicht jedoch zum Episulfon 14. Die Pyrolysen von 2, 3, 5 und 6 wurden untersucht, wobei als erster Vertreter der Perfluoralkylsulfine das Bis(trifluormethyl)sulfin (7) sowie das Sulfonylfluorid 13 als Isomerisierungsprodukt des Bis(trifluormethyl)sulfens (9) isoliert wurden. 7 entsteht auch durch Ringöffnung aus 3 mit Basen bzw. bei der Oxidation des Hexafluorthioacetons (11). Die Solvolyse von 5 und 6 liefert unter Ringöffnung die Sulfone 16 und 17.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sterically Crowded Cyclohexanes, 3. 4,4,8,8,12,12-Hexamethyltrispiro[2.1.2.1.2.1]dodecane and 4,4,8,8,9,9,10,10-Octamethyldispiro[2.1.2.3]decane - Two Per(cyclo)alkylated Cyclohexanes Adopting a Twistboat ConformationSynthesis, conformation, and dynamics of the title compounds 1 and 8 are described. 1 and [1-13C]-1 were obtained by sequential methylenation and cyclopropanation of 9. The hydrogenation of 1 yielded not only 7 and 8 but also 21 and 22. On the contrary, the hydrogenations of 15 and 19 yielded 16 and 20 exclusively. The conformation and dynamics of 1 followed from an analysis of the 13C DNMR spectra of [1-13C]-1, the conformation and dynamics of 8 from an analysis of the 1H and 13C DNMR spectra of unlabelled material. Both compounds adopt a twistboat conformation. The activation parameters of the twistboat-to-twistboat interconversion of 1 were determined by bandshape analysis, those of 8 by the coalescence method. The results were as follows: 1: ΔH≠ = 8.5 · 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS≠ = 12.8 ± 1.5 cal/mol · grd, ΔG298≠ = 4.7 ± 0.2 kcal/mol; 8: ΔG300≠ 13.6 kcal/mol. The unusual conformations of 1 and 8 are discussed on the basis of nonbonding interactions.
    Notes: Synthese, Konformation und Dynamik der Titelverbindungen 1 und 8 werden beschrieben. 1 und [1-13C]-1 wurden durch Methylenierung und anschließende Cyclopropanierung von 9 erhalten. Die Hydrierung von 1 lieferte neben 7 und 8 auch 21 und 22. Die Hydrierungen von 15 und 19 lieferten dagegen ausschließlich 16 bzw. 20. Die Konformation und Dynamik von 1 ergab sich aus einer Analyse der 13C-DNMR-Spektren von [1-13C]-1, die Konformation und Dynamik von 8 aus einer Analyse der aH- und 13C-DNMR-Spektren unmarkierten Materials. Beide Verbindungen liegen in einer Twistbootkonformation vor. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Twistboot-Twistboot-Inversion wurden bei 1 über eine Bandenformanalyse, bei 8 nach der Koaleszenztemperaturmethode bestimmt. Danach ergaben sich folgende Werte: 1: ΔH≠ = 8.5 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS≠ = 12.8 ± 1.5 cal/mol · grd, ΔG298≠ = 4.7 ± 0.2 kcal/mol; 8: ΔG300≠ = 13.6 kcal/mol. Die ungewöhnlichen Konformationen von 1 und 8 werden auf der Grundlage nichtbindender Wechselwirkungen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: catabolite repression ; protein A ; membrane proteins ; continuous culture ; protein expression ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although widely used in experimental and industrial situations, genetically engineered plasmids containing the lac promoter from Escherichia coli are subject to catabolite repression when grown in glucose-containing media. Several methods of overcoming this problem have been investigated by studying the expression of the protein A gene from Staphylococcus aureus under the control of the Escherichia coli lac promoter. When glycerol is used as a sole carbon source, the plasmid is unstable and is rapidly lost from the culture. When the bacteria are grown in chemostats under glucose limitation, the plasmid is maintained, even at high dilution rates, and the expression of protein A is similar to that observed when glycerol was used. The balance between metabolic load and protein A expression seems to be maintained by reducing the gene dose to a tolerable level. Depending on the metabolic conditions prevailing in the culture, this is achieved, either by reducing the copy number of the plasmid or in extreme cases by removing the plasmid altogether.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 372-380 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two continuous stirred tanks reactors (CSTR) and four anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR) were used to study the treatment of a synthetic meat waste during single-and two-stage anaerobic treatment. Four configurations were investigated; a single-stage CSTR and AFBR and the two-stage systems CSTR-AFBR and AFBR-AFBR. Startup of the anaerobic reactors was achieved within 50 days by use of a regime that included stepped increases in influent COD, methanol substitution of the substrate, and addition of essential trace metals such as cobalt and nickel. Two-stage reactors removed up to 85% of influent COD concentrations of 5000 mg/L, whereas the single-stage AFBR and CSTR removed 76 and 9%, respectively. The proportion of methane in the effluent gases increased as the influent COD concentration was increased. Volumetric production of methane was greatest for the first stage of the AFBR-AFBR system. Solids retention times calculated for the AFBRs ranged from 7 to 12 days, sufficient to support methanogenesis. The AFBRs and two-stage systems were more resistant to an influent pH shock from the operating value of pH 6.8 down to pH 3 than the CSTRs and single-stage reactors. It was concluded that high-rate anaerobic treatment systems were applicable to meat industry wastewaters and that two-stage digestion produced a better quality effluent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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