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  • Springer  (55)
  • American Physical Society  (11)
  • 2000-2004  (15)
  • 1995-1999  (30)
  • 1990-1994  (14)
  • 1975-1979  (7)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds ; Raney nickel ; vanadium promoter ; modified catalysts ; aryl hydroxylamine ; chloronitrobenzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of vanadium promotion of Raney nickel on aryl hydroxylamine accumulation in the catalytic hydrogenation of electron deficient aromatic nitro compounds was investigated. High accumulation of 70–80% was observed with unmodified Raney nickel. Vanadium promoters were able to modulate the accumulation and depending on the modifier used, an increase (up to 86%) or a decrease (down to 11%) was found. Higher rates were obtained in the former (up to a factor 1.3), lower ones in the latter case (down to a factor 0.1) compared to the unmodified system. Supported or unsupported NH4VO3 was usually the most efficient modifier for obtaining low accumulation and reasonable rates, but the optimum concentration and modification procedure had to be determined for every substrate separately. In cases of low accumulation, the vanadium promoters worked as disproportionation catalysts. Dehalogenation was not significantly influenced by the presence of promoters: in all cases dehalogenation took only place after both the nitro arene and aryl hydroxylamine compound had been consumed completely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 18 (2000), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 75.30.Vn Colossal magnetoresistance - 78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra - 75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source x-ray scattering, etc.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and soft-X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (SXMCD) at the Mn L2,3-, Cr L2,3- and O-K edges of Sm0.5Ca0.5Mn1-xCrxO3 ( ) bulk polycrystalline samples have been performed at T=20 K below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature. We show the existence of a magnetic sublattice on each of the probed cations. Considering an electronically phase-separated system, results are compared with magnetization and resistivity measurements and a tentative correlation with magnetoresistance properties on such doped compounds is discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 28 (1995), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le transport de l'eau dans le béton d'enrobage est l'un des facteurs agissant le plus sur la durabiliteé des constructions en béton, en raison des effets notables qui en résultent sur la perméabilité au gaz, l'échange gazeux et le transport d'haloïdes et, par voie de conséquence, sur la corrosion de l'armature. Le transport de l'eau peut être quantifié simplement en procédant à des essais classiques d'absorption et d'évaporation. Une série d'essais de ce type ont été réalisés à l'EMPA. A cet effet, on a utilisé des carottes de petit diamètre (50 mm) et de différentes longueurs, munies à une extrémité d'une face de coffrage et provenant d'éléments de murs âgés de 4 à 5 ans, et qui ont été stockées dans des conditions climatiques constantes, jusqu'à 1 année et demie avant l'essai d'absorption. Le béton pouvait donc être considéré comme totalement hydraté et la réparitition de l'humidité dans les carottes était homogène au moment du démarrage des essais d'absorption. Quatre catégories de béton, différenciées par leur rapport eau/ciment (0,5; 0,6) et la teneur en air (2% vol.; 5% vol.) ont été examinées. La teneur et la granulométrie des granulats (diam. max. des grains: 32 mm) et, par conséquent, la quote-part volumétrique et la structure ‘externe’ de la pierre de ciment étaient identiques pour toutes les catégories de béton essayées. Il est évident que les essais d'absorption et d'évaporation ne permettent de tirer que des conclusions à caractère global sur le transport de l'eau. Il n'en ressort aucune information sur la répartition géométrique de l'eau pendant les essais; pour cela, il est nécessaire d'avoir recours à des méthodes de mesures tomographiques non destructrices. Pour l'étude en cours, on a utilisé avec succès la radio-tomographie assistée par ordinateur et l'imagerie par résonance magnetique (IRM). En particulier, au moyen de l'IRM au deutérium, il a été possible, lors d'essais d'absorption, de rendre visibles des fronts ascendants; il semble donc raisonnable d'utiliser plus fréquemment cette méthode dans le cadre des recherches sur le transport de l'eau dans le béton d'enrobage. Les résultats des essais ont permis de tirer quelques conclusions plus précises sur le transport de l'eau. On a pu constater, entre autres, que le béton d'enrobage se distinguait de manière évidente, également dans ce domaine, du béton interne et que les dérives observées quant à l'absorption de l'eau, par rapport à la ‘loi de la racine carrée du temps’, ne semblaient pas être provoquées par une répartition non homogène de l'humidité mais par la structure du système poreux capillaire. La comparaison de mesures IRM au deutérium avec des essais d'absorption classiques a permis de définir un modèle de pénétration d'eau dans un système poreux partiellement rempli.
    Notes: Summary One-dimensional water transport in cores of different concrete types with a moulded surface at one end was investigated by the simple measurement of mass changes during suction and by evaporation tests. Non-destructive methods (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and x-ray tomography) were applied successfully to the localization of water distribution within the concrete during such tests. Before the suction test was carried out, all samples were stored for 18 months under constant climatic conditions (35% RH, 70% RH, or 90% RH) to avoid inhomogeneous humidity distributions. They were then sealed with aluminium tape (epoxy in the MRI measurement) on all faces except the moulded surface, thus guaranteeing one-dimensional flow.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: mesoporous silica ; adsorption isotherm measurements ; capillary condensation ; neutron diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption isotherms of carbon tetrachloride at temperatures between 273 and 323 K have been determined on the pure silica form of MCM-41 of pore diameter ca. 3.4 nm. All isotherms were of Type V, the isotherms at 273, 288 and 303 K showing hysteresis loops, whereas the isotherm at 323 K was completely reversible. Despite the questionable validity of the Kelvin equation when applied to narrow mesopores, changes in the relative pressure positions of capillary condensation and evaporation as a function of the temperature appear to be well described. Neutron diffraction measurements at 200 and 273 K show significant changes in the physical properties of the adsorbed CCl4 in the MCM-41 from those of bulk adsorbate. The results also suggest a highly heterogeneous surface and appear to show some flexibility in the pore walls upon pore filling. The conditions required for first order reversible capillary condensation are discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: catalytic hydrogenation ; aromatic nitro compounds ; nitroarenes ; hydroxylamine accumulation ; vanadium promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of hydroxylamines during the catalytic hydrogenation of several aromatic nitro compounds could be reduced from 〉40% to 〈1% by the addition of catalytic amounts of vanadium promoters, resulting in a faster reaction and purer products.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 18 (1977), S. 281-293 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Erfahrungen, die bei der Durchführung formaler Korrektheitsbeweise an schon exsiterenden Programmen gemacht wurden. Mit Hilfe der Hoareschen Methode der Programmverfikation wurde der von an Emden angegebene Quicksort Algorithmus als richtig bewiesen. Dafür was es jedoch notwendig, eine Reihe von Veränderungen an dem Algorithmus vorzunehmen, um ihn an das Beweisverfahren und die existierenden Axiome anzupassen. Die gegenseitige Einflußnahme der Veränderungen und des Beweisverfahrens werden analysiert und Schlüse über die Verwendbarkeit des Hoareschen Verifikationsverfahrens für existierende Programme werden gezogen.
    Notes: Abstract Using the Quicksort Algortihm, given by van Emden, an analysis is made how Hoare's method of program verification can be applied to already existing programs. Changes to these programs become necessary to adopt them to the proving method and to the existing axioms. The interdependencies between these changes and the verification method are discussed and conclusions are draw about the applicability of Hoare's Methods for proving already existing programs.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Keywords. Homogeneous catalysis; Enantioselective hydrogenation; Heterocyclic arenes; Rh diphosphine complexes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary.  The first case of an enantioselective hydrogenation of monosubstituted pyridines and furans with homogeneous rhodium diphosphine catalysts with low but significant enantioselectivities and catalyst activities is reported. Best enantioselectivities (ees of 24–27%) were obtained for the hydrogenation of 2- and 3-pyridine carboxylic acid ethyl ester and 2-furan carboxylic acid with catalysts prepared in situ from [Rh(nbd)2]BF4 and the chiral ligands diop, binap, or ferrocenyl diphosphines of the josiphos type. Turnover numbers (ton) were in the order of 10–20, turnover frequencies (tof) usually 1–2 h−1. Diphosphines giving 6- or 7-ring chelates led to higher ees than 1,2-diphosphines; otherwise, no clear correlation between ligand properties and catalytic performance was found. In some experiments black precipitates were observed at the end of the reaction, indicating the decomposition of the homogeneous catalysts for certain ligand/metal/substrate combinations.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Policy sciences 8 (1977), S. 111-124 
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract It is argued that “successful” social science requires the development of a social ethic or sense of research responsibility. An examination of impediments to ethical reflection in sociology suggests that an individualistic orientation is ineffective in coping with the unintended consequences of social research. Such consequences can be particularly harmful in the sociology of science where policy research and governmental support for its production often entails an “indiscriminate advocacy of knowledge.” Such advocacy raises anew questions of the power of scientific knowledge, the definition of client-professional relationships, and the collection of data which may not only violate the intent of individuals and groups supplying information, but may undermine the credibility of sociology itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 86 (1997), S. 821-897 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Quantum Hall effect ; classification of universality classes of quantum Hall fluids ; integral lattices ; quadratic forms ; lattice embeddings ; phase transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the key ideas of characterizing universality classes of dissipationfree (incompressible) quantum Hall fluids by mathematical objects called quantum Hall lattices are reviewed. Many general theorems about the classification of quantum Hall lattices are stated and their physical implications are discussed. Physically relevant subclasses of quantum Hall lattices are defined and completely classified. The results are carefully compared with experimental data and also with other theoretical schemes (the hierarchy schemes). Several proposals for new experiments are made which could help to settle interesting issues in the theory of the (fractional) quantum Hall effect and thus would lead to a deeper understanding of this remarkable effect.
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