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  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (8)
  • Mutation  (3)
  • 2005-2009  (11)
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  • 1
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    Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: As a result of the redundancy of the genetic code, adjacent pairs of amino acids can be encoded by as many as 36 different pairs of synonymous codons. A species-specific "codon pair bias" provides that some synonymous codon pairs are used more or less frequently than statistically predicted. We synthesized de novo large DNA molecules using hundreds of over-or underrepresented synonymous codon pairs to encode the poliovirus capsid protein. Underrepresented codon pairs caused decreased rates of protein translation, and polioviruses containing such amino acid-independent changes were attenuated in mice. Polioviruses thus customized were used to immunize mice and provided protective immunity after challenge. This "death by a thousand cuts" strategy could be generally applicable to attenuating many kinds of viruses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754401/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754401/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coleman, J Robert -- Papamichail, Dimitris -- Skiena, Steven -- Futcher, Bruce -- Wimmer, Eckard -- Mueller, Steffen -- AI075219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI15122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI075219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI075219-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI015122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI015122-34/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1784-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155761.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Capsid Proteins/*genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Codon ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; *Genome, Viral ; HeLa Cells ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Poliomyelitis/immunology/virology ; Poliovirus/*genetics/growth & development/immunology/*pathogenicity ; *Poliovirus Vaccines/genetics/immunology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics/immunology ; Viral Plaque Assay ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Synapses form in skeletal muscles lacking neuregulin receptors (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-25
    Description: The formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is directed by reciprocal interactions between motor neurons and muscle fibers. Neuregulin (NRG) and Agrin from motor nerve terminals are both implicated. Here, we demonstrate that NMJs can form in the absence of the NRG receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 in mouse muscle. Postsynaptic differentiation is, however, induced by Agrin. We therefore conclude that NRG signaling to muscle is not required for NMJ formation. The effects of NRG signaling to muscle may be mediated indirectly through Schwann cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Escher, P -- Lacazette, E -- Courtet, M -- Blindenbacher, A -- Landmann, L -- Bezakova, G -- Lloyd, K C -- Mueller, U -- Brenner, H R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1920-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Physiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agrin/physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cells, Cultured ; Genes, erbB ; Genes, erbB-2 ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Motor Endplate/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure ; Muscle, Skeletal/*innervation/ultrastructure ; Mutation ; Neuregulins/*metabolism ; Neuromuscular Junction/embryology/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics/*physiology ; Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics/*physiology ; Receptor, ErbB-4 ; Receptors, Cholinergic/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Schwann Cells/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Regulation of NF-kappaB activation in T cells via association of the adapter proteins ADAP and CARMA1 (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: The adapter protein ADAP regulates T lymphocyte adhesion and activation. We present evidence for a previously unrecognized function for ADAP in regulating T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Stimulation of ADAP-deficient mouse T cells with antibodies to CD3 and CD28 resulted in impaired nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, a reduced DNA binding, and delayed degradation and decreased phosphorylation of IkappaB (inhibitor of NF-kappaB). TCR-stimulated assembly of the CARMA1-BCL-10-MALT1 complex was substantially impaired in the absence of ADAP. We further identified a region of ADAP that is required for association with the CARMA1 adapter and NF-kappaB activation but is not required for ADAP-dependent regulation of adhesion. These findings provide new insights into ADAP function and the mechanism by which CARMA1 regulates NF-kappaB activation in T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Medeiros, Ricardo B -- Burbach, Brandon J -- Mueller, Kristen L -- Srivastava, Rupa -- Moon, James J -- Highfill, Sarah -- Peterson, Erik J -- Shimizu, Yoji -- F32 AI063793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI063793-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32AI063793/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI038474/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI056016/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32DE007288/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):754-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Antigens, CD28/immunology ; Antigens, CD3/immunology ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/*metabolism ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/*metabolism ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Jurkat Cells ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/*metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelA/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Geometry of Thrust Faults Beneath Amenthes Rupes, Mars (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Amenthes Rupes is a 380 km-long lobate fault scarp located in the eastern hemisphere of Mars near the dichotomy boundary. The scarp is marked by about 1 km of vertical separation across a northeast dipping thrust fault (top to the SW) and offsets heavily-cratered terrain of Late Noachian age, the visible portion of which was in place by 3.92 Ga and the buried portion in place between 4.08 and 4.27 Ga. The timing of scarp formation is difficult to closely constrain. Previous geologic mapping shows that near the northern end of Amenthes Rupes, Hesperian age basalts terminate at the scarp, suggesting that fault slip predated the emplacement of these flows at 3.69 to 3.9 Ga. Maxwell and McGill also suggest the faulting ceased before the final emplacement of the Late Hesperian lavas on Isidis Planitia. The trend of the faults at Amenthes, like many thrust faults at the dichotomy boundary, parallels the boundary itself. Schultz and Watters used a dislocation modeling program to match surface topography and vertical offset of the scarp at Amenthes Rupes, varying the dip and depth of faulting, assuming a slip of 1.5 km on the fault. They modeled faulting below Amenthes Rupes as having a dip of between 25 and 30 degrees and a depth of 25 to 35 km, based on the best match to topography. Assuming a 25 degree dip and surface measurements of vertical offset of between 0.3 and 1.2 km, Watters later estimated the maximum displacement on the Amenthes Rupes fault to be 2.90 km. However, these studies did not determine the geometry of the thrust using quantitative constraints that included shortening estimates. Amenthes Rupes deforms large preexisting impact craters. We use these craters to constrain shortening across the scarp and combine this with vertical separation to infer fault geometry. Fault dip was also estimated using measurements of scarp morphology. Measurements were based on 460 m (1/128 per pixel) digital elevation data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), an instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) satellite.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 20; LPI-Contrib-1234-Pt-20
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  • 5
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    Lunar Regolith Simulant Feed System for a Hydrogen Reduction Reactor System (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: One of the goals of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) on the moon is to produce oxygen from the lunar regolith which is present in the form of Ilmenite (FeTi03) and other compounds. A reliable and attainable method of extracting some of the oxygen from the lunar regolith is to use the hydrogen reduction process in a hot reactor to create water vapor which is then condensed and electrolyzed to obtain oxygen for use as a consumable. One challenge for a production system is to reliably acquire the regolith with an excavator hauler mobility platform and then introduce it into the reactor inlet tube which is raised from the surface and above the reactor itself. After the reaction, the hot regolith (-1000 C) must be expelled from the reactor for disposal by the excavator hauler mobility system. In addition, the reactor regolith inlet and outlet tubes must be sealed by valves during the reaction in order to allow collection of the water vapor by the chemical processing sub-system. These valves must be able to handle abrasive regolith passing through them as well as the heat conduction from the hot reactor. In 2008, NASA has designed and field tested a hydrogen reduction system called ROxygen in order to demonstrate the feasibility of extracting oxygen from lunar regolith. The field test was performed with volcanic ash known as Tephra on Mauna Kea volcano on the Big Island of Hawai'i. The tephra has similar properties to lunar regolith, so that it is regarded as a good simulant for the hydrogen reduction process. This paper will discuss the design, fabrication, operation, test results and lessons learned with the ROxygen regolith feed system as tested on Mauna Kea in November 2008.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: KSC-2009-006 , 2nd Symposium On Space Resource Utilization at 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 05, 2009 - Jan 08, 2009; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 6
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    Surface Support Systems for Co-Operative and Integrated Human/Robotic Lunar Exploration (2006)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Human and robotic partnerships to realize space goals can enhance space missions and provide increases in human productivity while decreasing the hazards that the humans are exposed to. For lunar exploration, the harsh environment of the moon and the repetitive nature of the tasks involved with lunar outpost construction, maintenance and operation as well as production tasks associated with in-situ resource utilization, make it highly desirable to use robotic systems in co-operation with human activity. A human lunar outpost is functionally examined and concepts for selected human/robotic tasks are discussed in the context of a lunar outpost which will enable the presence of humans on the moon for extended periods of time.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: IAC-06-A5.2.09 , KSC-2006-138 , 57th International Astronautical Congress (IAC); Oct 02, 2006 - Oct 06, 2006; Valencia; Spain
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  • 7
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    Lightweight Bulldozer Attachment for Construction and Excavation on the Lunar Surface (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A lightweight bulldozer blade prototype has been designed and built to be used as an excavation implement in conjunction with the NASA Chariot lunar mobility platform prototype. The combined system was then used in a variety of field tests in order to characterize structural loads, excavation performance and learn about the operational behavior of lunar excavation in geotechnical lunar simulants. The purpose of this effort was to evaluate the feasibility of lunar excavation for site preparation at a planned NASA lunar outpost. Once the feasibility has been determined then the technology will become available as a candidate element in the NASA Lunar Surface Systems Architecture. In addition to NASA experimental testing of the LANCE blade, NASA engineers completed analytical work on the expected draft forces using classical soil mechanics methods. The Colorado School of Mines (CSM) team utilized finite element analysis (FEA) to study the interaction between the cutting edge of the LANCE blade and the surface of soil. FEA was also used to examine various load cases and their effect on the lightweight structure of the LANCE blade. Overall it has been determined that a lunar bulldozer blade is a viable technology for lunar outpost site preparation, but further work is required to characterize the behavior in 1/6th G and actual lunar regolith in a vacuum lunar environment.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: KSC-2009-226 , AIAA 2009 Space Conference and Exposition; Sep 14, 2009 - Sep 17, 2009; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 8
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    Solar Simulator Represents the Mars Surface Solar Environment (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A report discusses the development of a Mars surface, laboratory-based solar simulator to create solar cells that can function better on Mars. The Mars Optimized Solar cell Technology (MOST) required defining the surface incident spectrum, developing an appropriate laboratory solar simulator measurement capability, and developing and testing commercial cells modified for the Mars surface spectrum.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: NPO-46200 , NASA Tech Briefs, November 2009; 37-38
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  • 9
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    Simulation of the Mars surface solar spectra for optimized performance of triple junction solar cells (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The unparalleled success of the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) powered by GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells has demonstrated a lifetime for the rovers that exceeded the baseline mission duration by more than a factor of five.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 19th SPRAT Conference; Sep 20, 2005 - Sep 22, 2005; Cleveland, OH; United States
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  • 10
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    Multijunction Solar Cells Optimized for the Mars Surface Solar Spectrum (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper gives an update on the performance of the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) which have been continually performing for more than 3 years beyond their original 90-day missions. The paper also gives the latest results on the optimization of a multijunction solar cell that is optimized to give more power on the surface of Mars.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 20th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT); Sep 25, 2007 - Sep 27, 2007; Cleveland, OH; United States
    Format: text
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