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  • 1
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    Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-04
    Description: Viruses, and more particularly phages (viruses that infect bacteria), represent one of the most abundant living entities in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The biogeography of phages has only recently been investigated and so far reveals a cosmopolitan distribution of phage genetic material (or genotypes). Here we address this cosmopolitan distribution through the analysis of phage communities in modern microbialites, the living representatives of one of the most ancient life forms on Earth. On the basis of a comparative metagenomic analysis of viral communities associated with marine (Highborne Cay, Bahamas) and freshwater (Pozas Azules II and Rio Mesquites, Mexico) microbialites, we show that some phage genotypes are geographically restricted. The high percentage of unknown sequences recovered from the three metagenomes (〉97%), the low percentage similarities with sequences from other environmental viral (n = 42) and microbial (n = 36) metagenomes, and the absence of viral genotypes shared among microbialites indicate that viruses are genetically unique in these environments. Identifiable sequences in the Highborne Cay metagenome were dominated by single-stranded DNA microphages that were not detected in any other samples examined, including sea water, fresh water, sediment, terrestrial, extreme, metazoan-associated and marine microbial mats. Finally, a marine signature was present in the phage community of the Pozas Azules II microbialites, even though this environment has not been in contact with the ocean for tens of millions of years. Taken together, these results prove that viruses in modern microbialites display biogeographical variability and suggest that they may be derived from an ancient community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Desnues, Christelle -- Rodriguez-Brito, Beltran -- Rayhawk, Steve -- Kelley, Scott -- Tran, Tuong -- Haynes, Matthew -- Liu, Hong -- Furlan, Mike -- Wegley, Linda -- Chau, Betty -- Ruan, Yijun -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent E -- Edwards, Robert A -- Li, Linlin -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Reid, R Pamela -- Siefert, Janet -- Souza, Valeria -- Valentine, David L -- Swan, Brandon K -- Breitbart, Mya -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 20;452(7185):340-3. doi: 10.1038/nature06735. Epub 2008 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. cdesnues@yahoo.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophages/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/*physiology ; Bahamas ; *Biodiversity ; Capsid/chemistry ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/microbiology/virology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Genomics ; *Geography ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/virology ; Mexico ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Proteome/metabolism ; Seawater/microbiology/virology ; *Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Early-warning signals for critical transitions (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: Complex dynamical systems, ranging from ecosystems to financial markets and the climate, can have tipping points at which a sudden shift to a contrasting dynamical regime may occur. Although predicting such critical points before they are reached is extremely difficult, work in different scientific fields is now suggesting the existence of generic early-warning signals that may indicate for a wide class of systems if a critical threshold is approaching.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scheffer, Marten -- Bascompte, Jordi -- Brock, William A -- Brovkin, Victor -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- Dakos, Vasilis -- Held, Hermann -- van Nes, Egbert H -- Rietkerk, Max -- Sugihara, George -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):53-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08227.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. marten.scheffer@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Asthma/physiopathology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Seizures/physiopathology ; Stochastic Processes
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Oceanographic basis of the global surface distribution of Prochlorococcus ecotypes (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: By using data collected during a continuous circumnavigation of the Southern Hemisphere, we observed clear patterns in the population-genetic structure of Prochlorococcus, the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth, between and within the three Southern Subtropical Gyres. The same mechanisms that were previously invoked to account for the vertical distribution of ecotypes at local scales accounted for the global (horizontal) patterns we observed. Basin-scale and seasonal variations in the structure and strength of vertical stratification provide a basis for understanding large-scale horizontal distribution in genetic and physiological traits of Prochlorococcus, and perhaps of marine microbial communities in general.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bouman, Heather A -- Ulloa, Osvaldo -- Scanlan, David J -- Zwirglmaier, Katrin -- Li, William K W -- Platt, Trevor -- Stuart, Venetia -- Barlow, Ray -- Leth, Ole -- Clementson, Lesley -- Lutz, Vivian -- Fukasawa, Masao -- Watanabe, Shuichi -- Sathyendranath, Shubha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):918-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratorio de Procesos Oceanograficos y Clima, Departamento de Oceanografia, and Centro de Investigacion Oceanografica en el Pacifico Sur-Oriental, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile. heather@profc.udec.cl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Biomass ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Climate ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Flow Cytometry ; Indian Ocean ; Light ; Oceanography ; Pacific Ocean ; Phytoplankton/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prochlorococcus/classification/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Seasons ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Temperature ; Vinyl Compounds/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Ice record of delta13C for atmospheric CH4 across the Younger Dryas-Preboreal transition (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: We report atmospheric methane carbon isotope ratios (delta13CH4) from the Western Greenland ice margin spanning the Younger Dryas-to-Preboreal (YD-PB) transition. Over the recorded approximately 800 years, delta13CH4 was around -46 per mil (per thousand); that is, approximately 1 per thousand higher than in the modern atmosphere and approximately 5.5 per thousand higher than would be expected from budgets without 13C-rich anthropogenic emissions. This requires higher natural 13C-rich emissions or stronger sink fractionation than conventionally assumed. Constant delta13CH4 during the rise in methane concentration at the YD-PB transition is consistent with additional emissions from tropical wetlands, or aerobic plant CH4 production, or with a multisource scenario. A marine clathrate source is unlikely.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaefer, Hinrich -- Whiticar, Michael J -- Brook, Edward J -- Petrenko, Vasilii V -- Ferretti, Dominic F -- Severinghaus, Jeffrey P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1109-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3055, V8W 3P6, Canada. schaefeh@geo.oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Atmosphere ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Greenland ; Ice/*analysis ; Methane/*analysis/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: synthesis and future directions (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: Since the mid-1980s, our understanding of nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production has radically changed. Mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAXs) have unequivocally shown that iron supply limits production in one-third of the world ocean, where surface macronutrient concentrations are perennially high. The findings of these 12 FeAXs also reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system. However, extrapolation of the key results of FeAXs to regional and seasonal scales in some cases is limited because of differing modes of iron supply in FeAXs and in the modern and paleo-oceans. New research directions include quantification of the coupling of oceanic iron and carbon biogeochemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyd, P W -- Jickells, T -- Law, C S -- Blain, S -- Boyle, E A -- Buesseler, K O -- Coale, K H -- Cullen, J J -- de Baar, H J W -- Follows, M -- Harvey, M -- Lancelot, C -- Levasseur, M -- Owens, N P J -- Pollard, R -- Rivkin, R B -- Sarmiento, J -- Schoemann, V -- Smetacek, V -- Takeda, S -- Tsuda, A -- Turner, S -- Watson, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):612-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. pboyd@alkali.otago.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Climate ; Diatoms/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Iron/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Zooplankton/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    A constant flux of diverse thermophilic bacteria into the cold Arctic seabed (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: Microorganisms have been repeatedly discovered in environments that do not support their metabolic activity. Identifying and quantifying these misplaced organisms can reveal dispersal mechanisms that shape natural microbial diversity. Using endospore germination experiments, we estimated a stable supply of thermophilic bacteria into permanently cold Arctic marine sediment at a rate exceeding 10(8) spores per square meter per year. These metabolically and phylogenetically diverse Firmicutes show no detectable activity at cold in situ temperatures but rapidly mineralize organic matter by hydrolysis, fermentation, and sulfate reduction upon induction at 50 degrees C. The closest relatives to these bacteria come from warm subsurface petroleum reservoir and ocean crust ecosystems, suggesting that seabed fluid flow from these environments is delivering thermophiles to the cold ocean. These transport pathways may broadly influence microbial community composition in the marine environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hubert, Casey -- Loy, Alexander -- Nickel, Maren -- Arnosti, Carol -- Baranyi, Christian -- Bruchert, Volker -- Ferdelman, Timothy -- Finster, Kai -- Christensen, Flemming Monsted -- Rosa de Rezende, Julia -- Vandieken, Verona -- Jorgensen, Bo Barker -- P 20185/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1541-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1174012.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogeochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. chubert@mpi-bremen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Arctic Regions ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biodiversity ; *Cold Climate ; Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; Spores, Bacterial/*physiology ; Sulfates/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Relative Fluxes of Primary Particles in B-C-N-O Group from the ATIC Experiment (Science Flight) (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The ATIC balloon-born experiment measures the energy spectra of elements from H to Fe in primary cosmic rays from about 100 GeV to 100 TeV. ATIC is comprised of a fully active bismuth germinate calorimeter, a carbon target with embedded scintillator hodoscopes, and a silicon matrix that is used as a main charge detector. The silicon matrix produces good charge resolution for the protons and helium but only a partial resolution for heavier nuclei. In the present paper a charge resolution of ATIC device was improved and backgrounds were reduced in the region from Be to Si by means of the upper layer of the scintillator hodoscope that was used as charge detector together with silicon matrix. Relative fluxes of nuclei B, C, N, O in the energy region from about 20 GeV/nucleon to 200 GeV/nucleon that were obtained from new high-resolution and high-quality charge spectra of nuclei are presented.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: MSFC-386 , International Cosmic Ray Conference 2007; Jul 03, 2007 - Jul 11, 2007; Merida, Yucatan; Mexico
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  • 8
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    All-Particle Spectrum Measured by the ATIC Experiment (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC), a balloon-borne experiment, is designed to investigate the composition and energy spectra of cosmic rays of charge Z = 1 to 26 over the energy range - 10(exp 11) - 10(exp 14) ev. The instrument consists of a silicon matrix charge detector, plastic-scintillator strip hodoscopes interleaved with graphite interaction targets, and an 18 radiation length deep, fully active bismuth germanate (BGO) calorimeter. ATIC has had two successful long duration balloon (LDB) flights launched from McMurdo Station, Antarc't'ica in 2000 and 2002. In this paper, we present the all-particle spectrum extracted from data collected during the ATIC flights, and compare it with results from other experiments at both lower and higher energies.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: MSFC-381 , International Cosmic Ray Conference 2007; Jul 03, 2007 - Jul 11, 2007; Merida, Yucatan; Mexico
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  • 9
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    A Neutron Detector for the Electron Calorimeter (ECAL) Long Duration Balloon Experiment (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The highest energy measurements of cosmic ray electrons extend just beyond 1 TeV. High energy electrons are of particular interest because energy losses during interstellar propagation insure that they arrive primarily from nearby sources. This may produce observable structure in their spectrum. Further, it is predicted that electrons and positrons result from the annihilation of many exotic particles deposited as dark matter candidates. These electrons may appear as excesses in the cosmic ray electron spectrum from 200 GeV to 1000 GeV. A new long duration balloon experiment, ECAL, is being planned to provide direct cosmic ray electron measurements from approx.50 GeV to 〉1 TeV. To make these measurements ECAL must discriminate strongly against showers from protons and heavier ions. One of the techniques used to make this discrimination may be based on measuring the secondary neutrons produced by events in the instrument. The neutron detector configuration and technique will be discussed along with its expected performance based on Monte Carlo simulations.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: MSFC-380 , International Cosmic Ray Conference 2007; Jul 03, 2007 - Jul 11, 2007; Merida, Yucatan; Mexico
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  • 10
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    Revised Energy Spectra for Primary Elements, H - Si, above 50 GeV from the ATIC-2 Science Flight (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) long duration balloon experiment had a successful science flight accumulating 18 days of data (12/02 - 1/03) during a single circumnavigation in Antarctica. ATIC measures the energy spectra of elements from H to Fe in primary cosmic rays using a fully active Bismuth Germanate calorimeter preceded by a carbon target, with embedded scintillator hodoscopes, and a silicon matrix charge detector at the top. Preliminary results from ATIC have been reported in previous conferences. The revised results reported here are derived from a new analysis of the data with improved charge resolution, lower background and revised energy calibration. The raw energy deposit spectra are de-convolved into primary energy spectra and extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere. We compare these revised results to previous data and comment upon the astrophysical interpretation of the results.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: MSFC-379 , International Cosmic Ray Conference 2007; Jul 03, 2007 - Jul 11, 2007; Merida, Yucatan; Mexico
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