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  • 1
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    The Indian Ocean experiment: widespread air pollution from South and Southeast Asia (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) was an international, multiplatform field campaign to measure long-range transport of air pollution from South and Southeast Asia toward the Indian Ocean during the dry monsoon season in January to March 1999. Surprisingly high pollution levels were observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean toward the Intertropical Convergence Zone at about 6 degrees S. We show that agricultural burning and especially biofuel use enhance carbon monoxide concentrations. Fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning cause a high aerosol loading. The growing pollution in this region gives rise to extensive air quality degradation with local, regional, and global implications, including a reduction of the oxidizing power of the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Crutzen, P J -- Ramanathan, V -- Andreae, M O -- Brenninkmeijer, C M -- Campos, T -- Cass, G R -- Dickerson, R R -- Fischer, H -- de Gouw, J A -- Hansel, A -- Jefferson, A -- Kley, D -- de Laat, A T -- Lal, S -- Lawrence, M G -- Lobert, J M -- Mayol-Bracero, O L -- Mitra, A P -- Novakov, T -- Oltmans, S J -- Prather, K A -- Reiner, T -- Rodhe, H -- Scheeren, H A -- Sikka, D -- Williams, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1031-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Post Office Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Agriculture ; *Air Pollution ; Asia ; Asia, Southeastern ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon ; Carbon Monoxide ; Coal Ash ; Fossil Fuels ; Industrial Waste ; Nitrogen Oxides ; Oceans and Seas ; Ozone ; Particulate Matter ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Berresheim, H -- Borrmann, S -- Crutzen, P J -- Dentener, F J -- Fischer, H -- Feichter, J -- Flatau, P J -- Heland, J -- Holzinger, R -- Korrmann, R -- Lawrence, M G -- Levin, Z -- Markowicz, K M -- Mihalopoulos, N -- Minikin, A -- Ramanathan, V -- De Reus, M -- Roelofs, G J -- Scheeren, H A -- Sciare, J -- Schlager, H -- Schultz, M -- Siegmund, P -- Steil, B -- Stephanou, E G -- Stier, P -- Traub, M -- Warneke, C -- Williams, J -- Ziereis, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):794-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Post Office Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Air Pollutants ; *Air Pollution ; Asia ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Monoxide ; Climate ; Europe ; Mediterranean Region ; North America ; Ozone ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: A high-resolution deuterium profile is now available along the entire European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core, extending this climate record back to marine isotope stage 20.2, approximately 800,000 years ago. Experiments performed with an atmospheric general circulation model including water isotopes support its temperature interpretation. We assessed the general correspondence between Dansgaard-Oeschger events and their smoothed Antarctic counterparts for this Dome C record, which reveals the presence of such features with similar amplitudes during previous glacial periods. We suggest that the interplay between obliquity and precession accounts for the variable intensity of interglacial periods in ice core records.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jouzel, J -- Masson-Delmotte, V -- Cattani, O -- Dreyfus, G -- Falourd, S -- Hoffmann, G -- Minster, B -- Nouet, J -- Barnola, J M -- Chappellaz, J -- Fischer, H -- Gallet, J C -- Johnsen, S -- Leuenberger, M -- Loulergue, L -- Luethi, D -- Oerter, H -- Parrenin, F -- Raisbeck, G -- Raynaud, D -- Schilt, A -- Schwander, J -- Selmo, E -- Souchez, R -- Spahni, R -- Stauffer, B -- Steffensen, J P -- Stenni, B -- Stocker, T F -- Tison, J L -- Werner, M -- Wolff, E W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 10;317(5839):793-6. Epub 2007 Jul 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CEA-CNRS-Universite de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, CE Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. jean.jouzel@lsce.ipsl.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Increasing ozone over the Atlantic Ocean (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: Ship-borne ozone (O3) measurements over the Atlantic Ocean during the period from 1977 to 2002 show that O3 trends in the northern mid-latitudes are small. In contrast, remarkably large O3 trends occur at low latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, where near-surface O3 has increased by up to a factor of 2. The likely cause is the substantial increase of anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) associated with energy use in Africa, which has added to NOx from biomass burning and natural sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- van Aardenne, J -- Fischer, H -- de Reus, M -- Williams, J -- Winkler, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1483-7. Epub 2004 May 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55218 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143217" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 5
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    Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the Late Pleistocene (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-29
    Description: A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations measured on the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome Concordia ice core extends the Vostok CO2 record back to 650,000 years before the present (yr B.P.). Before 430,000 yr B.P., partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 lies within the range of 260 and 180 parts per million by volume. This range is almost 30% smaller than that of the last four glacial cycles; however, the apparent sensitivity between deuterium and CO2 remains stable throughout the six glacial cycles, suggesting that the relationship between CO2 and Antarctic climate remained rather constant over this interval.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siegenthaler, Urs -- Stocker, Thomas F -- Monnin, Eric -- Luthi, Dieter -- Schwander, Jakob -- Stauffer, Bernhard -- Raynaud, Dominique -- Barnola, Jean-Marc -- Fischer, Hubertus -- Masson-Delmotte, Valerie -- Jouzel, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 25;310(5752):1313-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 6
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    Effects of basal debris on glacier flow (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: Glacier movement is resisted partially by debris, either within glaciers or under glaciers in water-saturated layers. In experiments beneath a thick, sliding glacier, ice containing 2 to 11% debris exerted shear traction of 60 to 200 kilopascals on a smooth rock bed, comparable to the total shear traction beneath glaciers and contrary to the usual assumption that debris-bed friction is negligible. Imposed pore-water pressure that was 60 to 100% of the normal stress in a subglacial debris layer reduced shear traction on the debris sufficiently to halt its deformation and cause slip of ice over the debris. Slip resistance was thus less than debris shearing resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iverson, Neal R -- Cohen, Denis -- Hooyer, Thomas S -- Fischer, Urs H -- Jackson, Miriam -- Moore, Peter L -- Lappegard, Gaute -- Kohler, Jack -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):81-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. niverson@iastate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843389" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Synaptic amplifier of inflammatory pain in the spinal dorsal horn (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: Inflammation and trauma lead to enhanced pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia), which is in part due to altered sensory processing in the spinal cord. The synaptic hypothesis of hyperalgesia, which postulates that hyperalgesia is induced by the activity-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the spinal cord, has been challenged, because in previous studies of pain pathways, LTP was experimentally induced by nerve stimulation at high frequencies ( approximately 100 hertz). This does not, however, resemble the real low-frequency afferent barrage that occurs during inflammation. We identified a synaptic amplifier at the origin of an ascending pain pathway that is switched-on by low-level activity in nociceptive nerve fibers. This model integrates known signal transduction pathways of hyperalgesia without contradiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ikeda, Hiroshi -- Stark, Johanna -- Fischer, Harald -- Wagner, Matthias -- Drdla, Ruth -- Jager, Tino -- Sandkuhler, Jurgen -- P 18129/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1659-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Hyperalgesia/*physiopathology ; Inflammation/*physiopathology ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Nitric Oxide/physiology ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Periaqueductal Gray/physiology ; Posterior Horn Cells/*physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/physiopathology ; Synapses/physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    30,000 years of cosmic dust in Antarctic ice (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: Polar ice provides an archive for the influx of cosmic dust. Here, we present a high-resolution, glacial-to-interglacial record of cosmic dust using helium isotope analysis of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) ice core drilled in Dronning Maud Land. We obtained a relatively constant 3He flux over the past 30,000 years. This finding excludes 3He as a pacemaker of late Pleistocene glacial cycles. Rather, it supports 3He as a constant flux parameter in paleoclimatic studies. A last glacial-to-Holocene shift of the 4He/non-sea salt Ca2+ ratio appears to indicate a glacial-to-interglacial change in the terrestrial dust source.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winckler, Gisela -- Fischer, Hubertus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):491.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (L-DEO), Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. winckler@ldeo.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steffensen, Jorgen Peder -- Andersen, Katrine K -- Bigler, Matthias -- Clausen, Henrik B -- Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe -- Fischer, Hubertus -- Goto-Azuma, Kumiko -- Hansson, Margareta -- Johnsen, Sigfus J -- Jouzel, Jean -- Masson-Delmotte, Valerie -- Popp, Trevor -- Rasmussen, Sune O -- Rothlisberger, Regine -- Ruth, Urs -- Stauffer, Bernhard -- Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise -- Sveinbjornsdottir, Arny E -- Svensson, Anders -- White, James W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):680-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1157707. Epub 2008 Jun 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark. jps@gfy.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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