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  • 2015-2019  (61)
  • 1995-1999  (29)
  • 1990-1994  (21)
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  • 1
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    Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3 (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Operational Oceanography, 12(sup1), pp. S1-S123, ISSN: 1755-876X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Accurate knowledge of the location and magnitude of ocean heat content (OHC) variability and change is essential for understanding the processes that govern decadal variations in surface temperature, quantifying changes in the planetary energy budget, and developing constraints on the transient climate response to external forcings. We present an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of OHC variability and change as represented by an ensemble of dynamical and statistical ocean reanalyses (ORAs). Spatial maps of the 0–300 m layer show large regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans where the interannual variability of the ensemble mean exceeds ensemble spread, indicating that OHC variations are well-constrained by the available observations over the period 1993–2009. At deeper levels, the ORAs are less well-constrained by observations with the largest differences across the ensemble mostly associated with areas of high eddy kinetic energy, such as the Southern Ocean and boundary current regions. Spatial patterns of OHC change for the period 1997–2009 show good agreement in the upper 300 m and are characterized by a strong dipole pattern in the Pacific Ocean. There is less agreement in the patterns of change at deeper levels, potentially linked to differences in the representation of ocean dynamics, such as water mass formation processes. However, the Atlantic and Southern Oceans are regions in which many ORAs show widespread warming below 700 m over the period 1997–2009. Annual time series of global and hemispheric OHC change for 0–700 m show the largest spread for the data sparse Southern Hemisphere and a number of ORAs seem to be subject to large initialization ‘shock’ over the first few years. In agreement with previous studies, a number of ORAs exhibit enhanced ocean heat uptake below 300 and 700 m during the mid-1990s or early 2000s. The ORA ensemble mean (±1 standard deviation) of rolling 5-year trends in full-depth OHC shows a relatively steady heat uptake of approximately 0.9 ± 0.8 W m−2 (expressed relative to Earth’s surface area) between 1995 and 2002, which reduces to about 0.2 ± 0.6 W m−2 between 2004 and 2006, in qualitative agreement with recent analysis of Earth’s energy imbalance. There is a marked reduction in the ensemble spread of OHC trends below 300 m as the Argo profiling float observations become available in the early 2000s. In general, we suggest that ORAs should be treated with caution when employed to understand past ocean warming trends—especially when considering the deeper ocean where there is little in the way of observational constraints. The current work emphasizes the need to better observe the deep ocean, both for providing observational constraints for future ocean state estimation efforts and also to develop improved models and data assimilation methods.
    Description: Published
    Description: 909–930
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    The Ocean Reanalyses Intercom parison Project (ORA - IP) (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixed-layer-depth,upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea-ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.
    Description: This work has been partially funded by the European Commission funded projects MyOcean, MyOcean2 and COMBINE; by the GEMINA project-funded bythe Italian Ministry for Environment; by the NERC-funded VALOR project; by the NERC-funded NCEO program; by the Research Program on Climate Change adaptation of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese government; by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101); by NASA’s Modeling Analysis and Prediction Program under WBS 802678.02.17.01.25 and by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program; by the NOAA's Climate Observation Division (COD); by the LEFE/GMMC French national program.
    Description: Published
    Description: s80-s97
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Global ocean–sea-ice modelling ; Ocean model comparisons ; DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME ; multi-analysis ensemble ; Ocean climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum: The structure of the CO2–CO2–H2O van der Waals complex determined by microwave spectroscopy [J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5964 (1989)] (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 5166-5166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458622
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water hydrogen bonding: The structure of the water–carbon monoxide complex (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 7095-7109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rotational transitions between J≤3 levels within the K=0 manifold have been observed for H2O–CO, HDO–CO, D2O–CO, H2O–13CO, HDO–13CO, and H217O–CO using the molecular beam electric resonance and Fourier transform microwave absorption techniques. ΔMJ=0→1 transitions within the J=1 level were also measured at high electric fields. A tunneling motion which exchanges the equivalent hydrogens gives rise to two states in the H2O and D2O complexes. The spectroscopic parameters for H2O–CO in the spatially symmetric tunneling state are [∼(B0) =2749.130(2)MHz, D0=20.9(2)kHz, and μa=1.055 32(2)D] and in the spatially antisymmetric state are [∼(B0) =2750.508(1)MHz, D0=20.5(1)kHz, and μa=1.033 07(1)D]. Hyperfine structure is resolved for all isotopes. The equilibrium structure of the complex has the heavy atoms approximately collinear. The water is hydrogen bonded to the carbon of CO; however the bond is nonlinear. At equilibrium, the O–H bond of water makes an angle of 11.5° with the a axis of the complex; the C2v axis of water is 64° from the a axis of the complex. The hydrogen bond length is about 2.41 A(ring). The barrier to exchange of the bound and free hydrogens is determined as 210(20) cm−1 (600 cal/mol) from the dipole moment differences between the symmetric and antisymmetric states. The tunneling proceeds through a saddle point, with C2v structure, with the hydrogen directed towards the CO subunit. The equilibrium tilt away from a linear hydrogen bond is in the direction opposite to the tunneling path.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458250
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydration of carbon dioxide: The structure of H2O–H2O–CO2 from microwave spectroscopy (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 106-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of the gas-phase trimeric complex H2O–H2O–CO2 is determined through an analysis of the rotational spectra of ten isotopically substituted species. These spectra were measured in the region between 7.5 and 18 GHz using a pulsed-molecular-beam Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. The nondeuterated species display two sets of transitions separated by ∼1 MHz. The splittings of the perdeuterated form are smaller and three partially deuterated forms have no splittings. The rotational constants for the lower frequency set of transitions of the normal species are A=6163.571(4) MHz, B=2226.157(2) MHz, C=1638.972(1) MHz, δJ=0.000 83(3) MHz, ΔJ=0.002 98(4) MHz, ΔJK=−0.0005(2) MHz. The differences in the rotational constants between the upper and lower states are ΔA=498 kHz, ΔB=520 kHz, and ΔC=−133 kHz. The dipole moments are μa=1.571(5) D and μb=0.761(4) D with μc=0 D. The dipole moments and the intertial defect of −0.620 uA(ring)2 both indicate an essentially planar complex. The structure is found to be cyclical with the dimer-type bond lengths within the trimer being approximately the same as those found in the free heterodimers. One water molecule is oxygen bound to the carbon atom of the CO2 and is also hydrogen bonded to the oxygen of the second water molecule. The second water molecule is in turn hydrogen bonded to one of the oxygens of the CO2 molecule. The observed splittings are most likely due to a hydrogen-exchanging internal rotation of this second water molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.460384
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water in weak interactions: The structure of the water–nitrous oxide complex (1992)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 97 (1992), S. 2861-2868 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rotational spectra of H2O–N2O, D2O–N2O, and HDO–N2O have been observed using molecular beam electric resonance techniques at both zero and nonzero electric fields. H2O–N2O is nonrigid with respect to internal rotation of the water subunit. Rotational constants in MHz for the spatially antisymmetric tunneling state are A=12 605.001(77), B=4437.978(32), and C=3264.302(32). Rotational constants for the spatially symmetric tunneling state are A=12 622.595(203), B=4437.422(47), C=3264.962(47). These together with the rotational constants of the other isotopomers are consistent with a planar, T-shaped arrangement of the heavy atoms of the complex, with the distance between the centers of mass of the two subunits, Rc.m., equal to 2.91(2) A(ring) or a distance of 2.97(2) A(ring) from the H2O oxygen to the central nitrogen of N2O. The measured dipole moments of the two tunneling isomers are identical; μa = 1.480(2) and μb = 0.31(2) D. The values of these dipole moment components indicate an in-plane equilibrium tilt of about 20° between the C2v axis of water and the N–O weak bond. This tilt suggests a second interaction may exist between a hydrogen on water and the N2O subunit. The rotational constants suggest that the N2O unit is tilted by about 9° from perpendicular to the N–O weak bond. The barrier for the tunneling interchange of the water protons is estimated to be 235(10) cm−1. Quadrupole coupling constants eqQaa for the outer and inner nitrogen of N2O are 0.371(130) and 0.128(45) MHz, respectively. Electrostatic models applied to water–N2O and water–CO2 predict hydrogen bonded structures rather than the experimentally observed Lewis base structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.463028
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and internal dynamics of CO–CO–H2O determined by microwave spectroscopy (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 102 (1995), S. 7807-7816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rotational spectra of CO–CO–H2O, CO–CO–HDO, 13CO–CO–H2O, and 13CO–13CO–H2O have been measured using a pulsed-molecular-beam Fabry–Perot Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. The complex exhibits internal motion involving an exchange of the CO subunits as well as an hydrogen exchange. In the normal species this is indicated in the spectrum by transition doublets separated by a few hundred kHz and an effective shift of alternating transitions which prevents a good semirigid rotor fit. The other isotopically substituted complexes have spectra in which the transitions are either singlet, doublet or quartets depending on the appropriate spin weights or because of dampening of the internal motion. All the spectra are mutually consistent with a tunneling path with four isoenergetic states. By treating the tunneling frequency of the CO interchange as a vibrational frequency, the rotational constants of two internal rotor states and a tunneling frequency could be determined. The tunneling frequency in CO–CO–H2O is 372 kHz and the ground state rotational constants are A=4294.683(70) MHz, B=1685.399(35) MHz, C=1205.532(35) MHz. The tunneling frequency corresponding to the hydrogen exchange is not determined but the observed transition splittings are comparable to those found for other van der Waals complexes containing a water subunit. The dipole moments determined for CO–CO–HDO are μa=4.790(87)×10−30 C m [1.436(26) D], μb=1.79(12)×10−30 C m [0.533(35) D], and μc=1.10(37)×10−30 C m [0.33(11) D]. The general structure of the complex is found to be cyclic. The CO–CO configuration is approximately T-shaped with the carbon atom of one subunit directed toward the molecular axis of the other subunit. The H2O subunit has a hydrogen atom directed toward the CO subunits but not in the expected linear hydrogen bonded configuration. The uncertainties given in parentheses are one standard deviation. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468981
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imprinting the Genome: Imprinted Genes, Imprinting Genes, and A Hypothesis for their Interaction (1993)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 27 (1993), S. 7-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.000255
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dorsoventral axis inversion (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 373 (1995), S. 111-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR — Arendt and Niibler-Jung1 suggest that a dorsoventral inversion occurred in the origin of the chordates, concluding that the dorsal surface of a chordate is homologous to the ventral side of non-chordates (gastroneuralians), and that the dorsal nerve cord of chordates is homologous the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373111a0
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