ALBERT

Description: We investigated the controls of hydrography and of scavenging on the distribution of the particle reactive radionuclides 231Pa and 230Th in the water column and in surface sediments off Southwest Africa (Angola and Cape basins). Based on a vertical section of total 230Thex concentrations in the water column we show that small differences in the salinity between the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the Angola Basin and the NADW in the Cape Basin as well as the advection of NADW associated with the Namib Col Current are reflected in total 230Thex concentrations. These variable total concentrations are believed to reflect the flow path and mixing history of NADW with the NADW in the Angola Basin being relatively older and 230Th enriched compared to the NADW in the Cape Basin. In the area investigated we found high 231Paex/230Thex ratios (231Paex/230Thex 〉 0.093) in surface sediments at the continental margin and lower ones (231Paex/230Thex 〈 0.093) in the open ocean. Such a distribution is normally interpreted to result from high particle flux at ocean margins (boundary scavenging). However, the lack of any significant depletion of dissolved 230Th and 231Pa in the water column does not indicate extensive scavenging at the continental margin. High 231Paex/230Thex ratios are constrained to shallow waters depths (〈 2000 m) only and coincide with low fractionation between 231Pa and 230Th indicating that preferential scavenging of 231Pa on opal may have caused high 231Paex/230Thex ratios in the sediments. The observed close negative correlation (r2 = 0.82) between 231Paex/230Thex ratios in sediments and water depths is believed to reflect changes in the particle composition, i.e. a decrease in opal content with water depth. In the Angola and Cape basins the total 231Paex concentrations in NADW were the highest observed so far in the Atlantic Ocean, and they are attributed to the meridional export of 231Pa from the North Atlantic. This caused the average dissolved 231Pa/230Th in the Southeast Atlantic to be about a factor 2 higher when compared to the North Atlantic (Labrador Sea). These differences in the dissolved 231Pa/230Th were not reflected in 231Pa/230Th ratios of surface sediments because the fractionation is lower in the Labrador Sea compared to the Southeast Atlantic, i.e. fractionation counteracts changes in the dissolved 231Pa/230Th. This suggests that fractionation is more important for the determination of 231Paex/230Thex ratios in sediments than the meridional export of 231Pa from the North Atlantic.

Description: Deposits of coral-bearing, marine shell conglomerate exposed at elevations higher than 20 m above present-day mean sea level (MSL) in Bermuda and the Bahamas have previously been interpreted as relict intertidal deposits formed during marine isotope stage (MIS) 11, ca. 360–420 ka before present. On the strength of this evidence, a sea level highstand more than 20 m higher than present-day MSL was inferred for the MIS 11 interglacial, despite a lack of clear supporting evidence in the oxygen-isotope records of deep-sea sediment cores. We have critically re-examined the elevated marine deposits in Bermuda, and find their geological setting, sedimentary relations, and microfaunal assemblages to be inconsistent with intertidal deposition over an extended period. Rather, these deposits, which comprise a poorly sorted mixture of reef, lagoon and shoreline sediments, appear to have been carried tens of meters inside karst caves, presumably by large waves, at some time earlier than ca. 310–360 ka before present (MIS 9–11). We hypothesize that these deposits are the result of a large tsunami during the mid-Pleistocene, in which Bermuda was impacted by a wave set that carried sediments from the surrounding reef platform and nearshore waters over the eolianite atoll. Likely causes for such a megatsunami are the flank collapse of an Atlantic island volcano, such as the roughly synchronous Julan or Orotava submarine landslides in the Canary Islands, or a giant submarine landslide on the Atlantic continental margin.

Description: We investigated the influence of the composition of the vertical particle flux on the removal of particle reactive natural radionuclides (Th-230 and Pa-231) from the water column to the sediments. Radionuclide concentrations determined in sediment traps moored in the western, central and eastern Arabian Sea were related to the major components (carbonate, particulate organic matter (POC), opal, lithogenic material) of the particle flux. These data were combined with sediment trap data previously published from the Southern Ocean, Equatorial Pacific and North Atlantic [Z. Chase, R.F. Anderson, M.Q. Fleisher, P.W. Kubik, The influence of particle composition and particle flux on scavenging of Th, Pa and Be in the ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 204 (2002) 215-229; J.C. Scholten, F. Fietzke, S. Vogler, M. Rutgers van der Loeff, A. Mangini, W Koeve, J. Waniek. P. Stoffers, A. Antia, J. Kass, Trapping efficiencies of sediment traps from the deep eastern North Atlantic: The Th-230 calibration, Deep Sea Research 1148 (2001) 2383-2408]. The correlations observed between the particle-dissolved distribution coefficients (K-d) of Th-230 and Pa-231 and the concentrations of the particle types depend on the sediment trap data set used. This result suggests that scavenging affinities of the nuclides differ between oceanic regions. Several factors (K-d values, reactive surface areas of particles, inter-correlations in closed data set) can, however, influence the observed relationships and thus hamper the interpretation of these correlation coefficients as a measure of relative scavenging affinities of the nuclides to the particle types investigated. The mean fractionation factor (F(Pa/Th)=K-d(Pa)/(K)d(Th)) from the Equatorial Pacific (F=0.11+/-0.03) is similar to that from the North Atlantic (F(Pa/Th)=0.077+/-0.026), and both are lower than the factors from the Arabian Sea (F(Pa/Th)=0.35+/-0.12) and from the Southern Ocean (F(Pa/Th) 0.87+/-0.4). For opal concentrations exceeding similar to60%, an increase in the fractionation factors is observed causing a higher mean fractionation factor for the Southern Ocean trap data set. For the other areas investigated, differences in the mean fractionation factors cannot be related to the particles types considered. In the Arabian Sea, seasonally variable Pa-231(ex)/Th-230(ex) ratios observed in the sediment traps as well as differences of the ratios between recently deposited phytodetritus (fluff) and normal surface sediments indicate seasonal changes in scavenging processes which the generally accepted reversible scavenging models do not envisage. We assume that variable sinking rates of particles, and/or particles not considered in this study (e.g. colloids, manganese oxides, transparent exopolymer particles) may play an important but as yet unexplored role in deep-water scavenging processes. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Description: Zooxanthellate scleractinian corals are known as archives for temporal variations of climate variables, such as sea surface temperature, salinity or productivity. The use of azooxanthellate cold-water corals as potential archives for intermediate water mass properties and climate variability was tested recently. However, the correlation of established proxies such as delta O-18 and delta C-13 with temperature is difficult since there is no direct temperature equation applicable as in shallow-water corals. Other temperature proxies such as Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and U/Ca are influenced by the complex microstructure of the aragonite skeleton, the rate of calcification, and other vital effects observed for coral species. For the first time we show that the stable strontium isotope ratio delta Sr-88/86 incorporated in the skeletons of the cold-water coral species Lophelia pertusa portrays the ambient seawater temperature. The temperature sensitivity from live samples collected along the European continental margin covering a temperature range from 6 degrees to 10 degrees C is 0.026 +/- 0.003%omicron/degrees C (2 sigma standard error) which is a sensitivity similar to the tropical shallow-water coral record of Pavona clavata. This indicates a similar fractionation process of strontium for both, zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate corals. For coral aragonite the delta Sr-88/86 ratio may serve as a new paleo-temperature proxy and introduces new perspectives in paleoceanography with respect to intermediate water dynamics.

Description: Our recent paper [McMurtry, G.M., Tappin, D.R., Sedwick, P.N., Wilkinson, I., Fietzke, J. and Sellwood, B., 2007a. Elevated marine deposits in Bermuda record a late Quaternary megatsunami. Sedimentary Geol. 200, 155–165.] critically re-examined elevated marine deposits in Bermuda, and concluded that their geological setting, sedimentary relations, micropetrography and microfaunal assemblages were inconsistent with sustained intertidal deposition. Instead, we hypothesized that these deposits were the result of a large tsunami that impacted the Bermuda island platform during the mid-Pleistocene. Hearty and Olson [Hearty, P.J., and Olson, S.L., in press. Mega-highstand or megatsunami? Discussion of McMurtry et al. “Elevated marine deposits in Bermuda record a late Quaternary megatsunami”: Sedimentary Geology, 200, 155–165, 2007 (Aug. 07). Sedimentary Geol. 200, 155–165.] in their response, attempt to refute our conclusions and claim the deposits to be the result of a +21 m eustatic sea level highstand during marine isotope stage (MIS) 11. In our reply we answer the issues raised by Hearty and Olson [Hearty, P.J., and Olson, S.L., in press. Mega-highstand or megatsunami? Discussion of McMurtry et al. “Elevated marine deposits in Bermuda record a late Quaternary megatsunami”: Sedimentary Geology, 200, 155–165, 2007 (Aug. 07). Sedimentary Geol. 200, 155–165.] and conclude that the Bermuda deposits do not provide unequivocal evidence of a prolonged + 21 m eustatic sea level highstand. Rather, the sediments are more likely the result of a past megatsunami in the North Atlantic basin.

Description: We investigate the Logatchev Hydrothermal Field at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 14 degrees 45'N to constrain the calcium isotope hydrothermal flux into the ocean. During the transformation of seawater to a hydrothermal solution, the Ca concentration of pristine seawater ([Ca](sw)) increases from about 10 mM to about 32 mM in the hydrothermal fluid endmember ([Ca](HydEnd)) and thereby adopts a delta Ca-44/40(HydEnd) of -0.95 +/- 0.07 parts per thousand relative to seawater (SW) and a Sr-87/Sr-86 isotope ratio of 0.7034(4). We demonstrate that delta Ca-44/40(HydEnd) is higher than that of the bedrock at the Logatchev field. From mass balance calculations, we deduce a delta Ca-44/40 of -1.17 +/- 0.04 parts per thousand (SW) for the host-rocks in the reaction zone and -1.45 +/- 0.057 parts per thousand (SW) for the isotopic composition of the entire hydrothermal cell of the Logatchev field. The values are isotopically lighter than the currently assumed delta Ca-44/40 for Bulk Earth of -0.92 +/- 0.187 parts per thousand (SW) [Skulan J., DePaolo D. J. and Owens T. L. (1997) Biological control of calcium isotopic abundances in the global calcium cycle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61,(12) 2505-2510] and challenge previous assumptions of no Ca isotope fractionation between hydrothermal fluid and the oceanic crust (Zhu P. and Macdougall J. D. (1998) Calcium isotopes in the marine environment and the oceanic Calcium cycle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62,(10) 1691-1698: Schmitt A. -D., Chabeaux F. and Stille P. (2003) The calcium riverine and hydrothermal isotopic fluxes and the oceanic calcium mass balance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 6731, 1-16]. Here we propose that Ca isotope fractionation along the fluid flow pathway of the Logatchev field occurs during the precipitation of anhydrite. Two anhydrite samples from the Logatchev Hydrothermal Field show an average fractionation of about Delta(44/4C) Ca = -0.57 parts per thousand relative to their assumed parental solutions, Ca isotope ratios in aragonites from carbonate veins from ODP drill cores indicate aragonite precipitation directly from seawater at low temperatures with an average delta Ca-44/40 of -1.54 +/- 0.08 parts per thousand (SW). The relatively large fractionation between the aragonite precipitates and seawater in combination with their frequent abundance in weathered mafic and ultramafic rocks suggest a reconsideration of the marine Ca isotope budget, in particular with regard to ocean crust alteration. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.