Publication Date:
2016-04-30
Description:
Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are not only characterized by time-independent macroscopic properties, but also satisfy the principle of detailed balance in the transitions between microscopic configurations. Living systems function out of equilibrium and are characterized by directed fluxes through chemical states, which violate detailed balance at the molecular scale. Here we introduce a method to probe for broken detailed balance and demonstrate how such nonequilibrium dynamics are manifest at the mesosopic scale. The periodic beating of an isolated flagellum from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibits probability flux in the phase space of shapes. With a model, we show how the breaking of detailed balance can also be quantified in stationary, nonequilibrium stochastic systems in the absence of periodic motion. We further demonstrate such broken detailed balance in the nonperiodic fluctuations of primary cilia of epithelial cells. Our analysis provides a general tool to identify nonequilibrium dynamics in cells and tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Battle, Christopher -- Broedersz, Chase P -- Fakhri, Nikta -- Geyer, Veikko F -- Howard, Jonathon -- Schmidt, Christoph F -- MacKintosh, Fred C -- P50GM068763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R13GM085967/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 29;352(6285):604-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universitat, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. The Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. ; The Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Theresienstrasse 37, D-80333 Munchen, Germany. Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universitat, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. The Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. ; Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universitat, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. The Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. fcmack@gmail.com christoph.schmidt@phys.uni-goettingen.de. ; The Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands. fcmack@gmail.com christoph.schmidt@phys.uni-goettingen.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27126047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
Keywords:
Animals
;
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/*physiology
;
Cilia/physiology
;
Dogs
;
Epithelial Cells/physiology
;
Flagella/*physiology
;
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
;
Microscopy/methods
;
Models, Biological
;
*Motion
;
Thermodynamics
Print ISSN:
0036-8075
Electronic ISSN:
1095-9203
Topics:
Biology
,
Chemistry and Pharmacology
,
Computer Science
,
Medicine
,
Natural Sciences in General
,
Physics
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