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  • Springer  (156)
  • 2020-2024  (10)
  • 1985-1989  (146)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 93 (1986), S. 111-132 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: planar lipid bilayers ; alamethicin ; α-helix dipole ; dipole moment ; voltage-dependent gating ; flip-flop mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The voltage-dependence of channel formation by alamethicin and its natural analogues can be described by a dipole flip-flop gating model, based on electric field-induced transbilayer orientational movements of single molecules. These field-induced changes in orientation result from the large permanent dipole moment of alamethicin, which adopts α-helical conformation in hydrophobic medium. It was, therefore, supposed that the only structural requirement for voltage-dependent formation of alamethicin-type channels might be a rigid lipophilic helical segment of minimum length. In order to test this hypothesis we synthesized a family of lipophilic polypeptides—Boc-(Ala-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala) n -OMe,n=1–4—which adopt α-helical conformation forn=2–4 and studied their interaction with planar lipid bilayers. Surprisingly, despite their large difference in chain length, all four polypeptides showed qualitatively similar behavior. At low field strength of the membrane electric field these polypeptides induce a significant, almost voltage-independent increase of the bilayer conductivity. At high field strength, however, a strongly voltage-dependent conductance increase occurs similar to that observed with alamethicin. It results from the opening of a multitude of ion translocating channels within the membrane phase. The steady-state voltage-dependent conductance depends on the 8th–9th power of polypeptide concentration and involves the transfer of 4–5 formal elementary charges. From the power dependences on polypeptide concentration and applied voltage of the time constants in voltage-jump current-relaxation experiments, it is concluded that channels could be formed from preexisting dodecamer aggregates by the simultaneous reorientation of six formal elementary charges. Channels exhibit large conductance values of several nS, which become larger towards shorter polypeptide chain length. A mean channel diameter of 19 Å is estimated corresponding roughly to the lumen diameter of a barrel comprised of 10 α-helical staves. Similar to experiments with the N-terminal Boc-derivative of alamethicin we did not observe the burst sequence of nonintegral conductance steps typical of natural (N-terminal Ac-Aib)-alamethicin. Saturation in current/voltage curves as well as current inactivation in voltage-jump current-relaxation experiments are found. This may be understood by assuming that channels are generated as dodecamers but, while reaching the steady state, reduce their size to that of an octamer or nonamer. We conclude that the overall behavior of these synthetic polypeptides is very similar to that of alamethicin. They exhibit the same concentration and voltage-dependences but lack the stabilizing principle of resolved channel states characteristic of alamethicin.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 75 (1986), S. 383-409 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Upper Jurassic Sithonia ophiolite of Chalkidiki (NE Greece) provides the opportunity to study the processes of the formation of fossil oceanic crusts in detail. This ophiolite consists from top to base of: 1) an over 900 m thick succession of shallow-water sediments frequently interlayered with basic volcanics; 2) an about 700 m thick basaltic layer which predominantly consists of hyaloclastics; 3) an excellently developed sheeted dyke complex which is at least 1.2 km thick. It is the main scope of this study. The sheeted dyke complex consists entirely of dykes. They have intruded each other preferably along their margins. Two groups of dykes may be distinguished. The first group comprises those dykes which were obviously formed within the active spreading zone. These dykes make up the structure of the sheeted complex. They are in average 3.9 m thick and do not display a clear polarity of their chilled margins. The dykes of the second group were formed later, i.e. off-ridge. They are up to 0.8 m thick and almost always symmetrically chilled. The general strike of the dykes is N 54° E. This direction is almost perpendicular to the major tectonic units of Chalkidiki. The geometrical relations between the dykes can be best explained by formation at an oscillatory spreading axis. Available geological and geochemical data suggest a low to very low spreading rate. A periodic process of dyke injection is recognized. The dyke injection periods are of variable duration. This together with the restricted and variable magmatic differentiation within the different periods points towards a nonsteady state magma chamber beneath the spreading axis. The off-ridge dykes impart valuable information as regards the spreading direction and the relative position of the paleoridge. Some ideas about the spreading rate may also be obtained from these dykes. The shallow-water conditions during the sedimentation may be explained as due to the tectonic uplift of the Upper Jurassic oceanic crust possibly along a transcurrent fault. This interpretation is supported by other geological observations.
    Abstract: Résumé L'ophiolite de Sithonia (Chalcidique, NE d la Grèce), d'âge jurassique supérieur, offre une possibilité d'étudier le processus de formation d'une croûte oceéanique fossile. Cette ophiolite est constitué de haut en bas de: 1) plus de 900 m de sédiments d'eau peu profonde avec des intercalations de roches basiyues assez fréquentes; 2) environ 700 m de roches basaltiques constituées en grande partie d'hyaloclastites; 3) un magnifique complexe filonien d'au moins 1,2 km d'éoaisseur. C'est ce complexe filonien qui est le thème principal de notre article. Il est constitué exclusivement de filons. Ces filons ont pris place de préférence le long ds éontes de leurs prédécesseurs. On peut distinguer deux groupes de filons: Le premier est composé de filons souvent asymétriques forms dans la zône d'ouverture active: ce groupe détermine la structure du complexe filonien. Les filons ont une épaisseur moyenne de 3,9 m et ne montrent pas une polarité nette de leurs bordures. Ledeuxième groupe comrend des filons symétriques d'une épaisseur moyenne de 0,8 m. Il s'agit de filons »off-ridge« formés tardivement. La direction générale du complexe est N 54°E, c'est-à-dire à peu près perpendiculaire à la direction des grandes unités tectoniques de la Chalcidique. Les relations géométriques mutuelles des filons s'expliquent le mieux par un axe d'ouverture oscillant. Des critères géologiques et géochimiques indiquent une vitesse d'écartement lente à très lente. Pour la formation des filons eux-mêms nous admettons une injection périodique à inervalles variables. De cela et du fait que la faible différentiation magmatique varie d'une période d'injection à l'autre, nous concluons à une chambre magmatique instsable. Les filons »off-ridge« donnent des renseignements valables non seulement sur la direction d'écartment mais aussi sur la position relative de l'ancien axe du rift et sur la vitesse d'ouverture. Les conditions d'eau peu profonde montrées par les sédiments peuvent s'expliquer en supposamt que l'ophiolite de Sithonia représente un morgeau de la croûte océanique du Jurassique supérieur qui aurait été soulevé par des mouvements tectoniques. Cette conclusion est conforme à d'autres observations géologiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der oberjurassische Sithonia-Ophiolith der Chalkidiki (NE-Griechenland) bietet die Möglichkeit, die an der Bildung fossiler ozeanischer Krusten beteiligten Prozesse ausführlich zu untersuchen. Dieser Ophiolith besteht von oben nach unten aus: 1) über 900 m mächtigen Flachwasser-Sedimenten mit häufigen basischen Einschaltungen; 2) einer ca. 700 m mächtigen basaltischen Schicht, die zum überwiegenden Teil aus Hyaloklastiten zusammengesetzt ist; 3) einem prachtvoll entwickelten, mindestens 1,2 km mächtigen Gangstockwerk. Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist dem Gangstockwerk gewidmet. Das Gangstockwerk besteht ausschließlich aus Gängen. Sie haben bevorzugt entlang der Salbänder ihrer Vorgänger Platz genommen. Zwei Gang-Gruppen sind unterscheidbar. Die erste Gruppe besteht aus in der aktiven Spreizungszone gebildeten, häufig asymetrischen Gängen. Diese Gruppe bestimmt die Architektur des Gangstockwerkes. Die Gänge sind durchschnittlich 3,9 m dick und zeigen keine eindeutige Polarität ihrer Salbänder. Die zweite Gang-Gruppe umfaßt später gebildete, bis zu 0,8 m mächtige, beidseitig abgeschreckte off-ridge Gänge. Das Generalstreichen der Gänge ist N 54° E und steht nahezu senkrecht zu dem der großtektonischen Einheiten auf Chalkidiki. Die geometrischen Beziehungen der Gänge untereinander lassen sich am besten durch eine oszillierende Spreizungsachse erklären. Aus geologischen und geochemischen Kriterien ergab sich eine niedrige bis sehr niedrige Spreizungsrate. Für die Gangbildung selbst ist eine periodische Injektion mit veränderlichen Intervallen anzunehmen. Daraus und aus der mangelnden, von der einen zur anderen Injektionsperiode variierenden magmatischen Differentiation wurde auf eine unbeständige Magmenkammer geschlossen. Die off-ridge Gänge vermitteln wertvolle Hinweise sowohl auf die Spreizungsrichtung als auch auf die relative Lage der fossilen Riftachse. Auch Informationen bezüglich der Spreizungsrate können aus diesen Gängen abgeleitet werden. Die aus den Sedimenten ermittelten Flachwasser-Verhältnisse lassen sich dadurch erklären, daß der Sithonia-Ophiolith einen tektonisch bis nahe des Meeresspiegels herausgehobenen Teil der oberjurassischen ozeanischen Kruste darstellt. Diese Folgerung stimmt mit anderen geologischen Beobachtungen überein.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 35 (1986), S. 217-242 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der östlichen Vardar-Zone von Griechenland bilden Na-betonte salische Gesteine und Ophiolithe einen NW-streichenden, ca. 8 km mächtigen Gürtel entlang des westlichen Randes des Serbomazedonischen Massivs. Trotz verschiedenen Alters und unterschiedlicher metamorpher Beanspruchung zeigen die beiden lithologischen Einheiten gleiche laterale Variationen. Die salischen Gesteine wechsein von Tonaliten und Trondhjemiten im NW zu Granophyren und submarinen Vulkaniten im SE. Die tektonisch angrezenden, etwas jügeren Ophiolithe variieren in der gleichen Richtung von Tektonit-Peridotiten und den überlagrenden oder intrudierenden mafisch-ultramafischen Kumulaten zu einem Gangstockwerk und submarinen, vorwiegend basischen Vulkaniten. Die salischen Gesteine sind durch ein mehrphasiges fraktioniertes Aufschmelzen mafischen Materials entstanden und entsprechen chemisch der K-armen Reihe von basischem Andesit bis Rhyolith. Als Bildungsort weisen die geologischen und chemischen Kriterien auf einen inmaturen Inselbogen oberhalb einer nach NE gerichteten Subduktionszone während des Mittleren Juras hin. Veränderungen in den Ausbildungsformen der salischen Gesteine gehen offensichtlich auf ein progressives Verdünnen der kontinentalen Kruste zurück. Entsprechende Veränderungen in den gegenübergestellten Ophiolithen lassen sich durch Veränderungen in der Plattenbewegung von konservativ im NW zu konstruktiv im SE erklären.
    Notes: Summary In the eastern Vardar Zone of Greece, Na-dominant salic rocks are intimately associated with ophiolites, constituting a NW-trending, about 8 km thick belt along the western margin of the Serbomacedonian Massif. Though of different ages and metamorphic histories, both contrasted lithologic units display similar lateral variations. The salic rocks vary from a hypabyssal tonalite-trondhjemite series in the NW into granophyres and submarine volcanics in the SE. The juxtaposed ophiolites change in the same direction from tectonite peridotites overlain or intruded by mafic-ultramafic cumulates into sheeted dykes and submarine volcanics. The salic rocks were formed by multi-staged fractional melting of a mafic source and correspond chemically to the low-K andensite rhyolite series. The geological and chemical evidence points at an immature island-are setting for the salic rocks above a NE-dipping subduction zone. The lateral variations in their mode of occurrences probably reflect progressive attenuation of the continental crust. The corresponding variations displayed by the juxtaposed ophiolites may have resulted from a change in the plate motion from conservative in the NW to constructive in the SE.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1985), S. 323-339 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Abschätzung einer möglichen Klimaänderung als Folge einer Verdopplung der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre dienen die Ergebnisse von Studien mit drei-dimensionalen Modellen der atmosphärischen Zirkulation. Diese Ergebnisse können nicht als Klimavorhersagen betrachtet werden, da die gegenwärtigen Modelle noch erhebliche Mängel aufweisen. Sie bilden jedoch die Grundlage zur Entwicklung von Klimaszenarien. Klimamodelle sind gegenwärtig die einzigen Hilfsmittel, um die Reaktion des Klimasystems auf eine externe Störung in physikalisch konsistenter Weise und in hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung zu simulieren. Für den Mittelmeerraum werden die Ergebnisse dreier verschiedener Klimamodelle (British Meteorological Office (BMO); Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS); National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)) anhand der regionalen und saisonalen Verteilungen von Temperatur, Niederschlag und Bodenfeuchte vorgestellt. Die durch einen CO2-Anstieg verursachte Änderung der Temperaturverteilung ist bei den drei Modellergebnissen ähnlich. Die räumlichen Mittelwerte liegen zwischen 2,5 und 4,0 K. Der Vergleich der Verteilung hydrologischer Größen ergibt dagegen kein einheitliches Bild. Die den simulierten Klimaänderungen zugrunde liegenden physikalischen Mechanismen werden benannt und die statistische Signifikanz der Klimaänderung wird getestet. Diese Arbeit dient zur Entwicklung einer Methodologie für den Einsatz von Klimamodellszenarien bei der Impaktanalyse.
    Notes: Summary For the estimation of a potential climatic change induced by a doubling of atmospheric CO2 we use the results of three-dimensional general circulation models (GCM). Although the results from present climate modeling cannot be considered as predictions of future climatic conditions due to the inherent models' deficiencies, they can still serve a useful purpose in climate change scenarios. The reason for this is that climate models are the only tools available to study the response of the climate system to a perturbation in a physically consistent manner and that such types of models can provide a consistent data set of high temporal and spatial resolution. For the Mediterranean area, the results obtained from three different GCMs, namely, the British Meteorological Office model (BMO), the Goddard Institute for Space Studies model (GISS), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research model (NCAR) are shown. The regional and seasonal distributions of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture are used to study the potential changes. The results indicate that the CO2-induced changes for temperature generated by the three models are of similar magnitude. The values of the area mean change range between 2.5 and 4.0 K. The precipitation response results in a diverse pattern. The physical mechanism likely to be responsible for the simulated climatic changes are identified and their statistical significance is tested. This type of work will help us develop the methodology and assist us in gaining insight into the use of climate model scenarios for impact analysis.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 54 (1989), S. 1367-1380 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Nonequilibrium dynamics ; colored noise ; bistability ; escape time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the colored-noise-driven archetypal bistability dynamics of the Ginzburg-Landau type. The focus is on the stationary behavior and the problem of escape from metastable states. The deterministic flow of the underlyingtwo-variable Fokker-Planck process is studied as a function of the noise correlation time τ. As a main result we find that the separatrix exhibits a cusp at asymptotically large noise color. The stationary probability is evaluated approximately (unified colored noise approximation) and compared with numerical exact results. The stationary probability forms the key input in the evaluation of the rate of escape. At very strong noise color, the escape path closely follows a nodal line, passing through the corresponding stable node. The asymptotic result for the escape rate at large τ is compared with exact calculations for the lowest, nonvanishing eigenvalue.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Staphylococcus epidermidis TÜ 3298/DSM 3095 produces epidermin, a basic 21-residue peptide-amide antibiotic active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Fermentations were performed by batch and feeding processes up to the 2001 scale. Highest yields were obtained when the first purification step was integrated into the fermentation process by on-line adsorption of the antibiotic. Isolation and purification by adsorption chromatography and ion exchange chromatography were performed batchwise.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 Fw ; 78.55 Ds ; 71.55 Fr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific luminescence process in GaAs doping superlattices arises from recombination of electrons populating low-index conduction subbands with holes in the acceptor impurity band across the indirect gap in real space. The luminescence peak energy thus directly reflects the actual value of the tunable gap for the photoexcited state of the superlattice. We have studied the tunability of the effective gap, the recombination rate, and the relative quantum efficiency on superlattice specimen of different material design parameters by means of low-temperature photoluminescence measurements. For optimized design parameters the ratio between luminescence and excitation intensity remains nearly constant over the entire tunability range of the effective gap.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 286-289 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect epidermis ; Tissue polarity ; Cell polarity ; Colchicine ; Pattern control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The insect integument displays planar tissue polarity in the uniform orientation of polarized cuticular structures. In a body segment, for example, the denticles and bristles produced by the constituent epidermal cells point posteriorly. Colchicine can abolish this uniform orientation while still allowing individual cells to form orientated cuticular structures and thereby to express cell polarity. This suggests that an individual cell in a sheet can establish planar polarity without reference to some kind of covert supracellular cue (such as a morphogen gradient) in the epidermis as a whole. The results also indicate that colchicine interferes — directly or indirectly — with the mechanisms involved in aligning the polarity axes of individual cells into a common orientation, thereby generating supracellular or tissue polarity.
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  • 19
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 290-294 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect epidermis ; Tissue polarity ; Pattern control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The integument of an insect segment displays two distinct pattern features which are based on different properties of the constituent epidermal cells. Normally, the uniform orientation of epidermal cell polarities (“polarity pattern”) is strictly correlated with the sequence of differentiated cells (“differentiation pattern”). Here it is reported that in the integument of the cotton bug Dysdercus epidermal cells can adopt orientations that do not correlate with the pigmentation pattern and which are not compatible with the gradient model. The results indicate that different features of a composite pattern can be independently controlled.
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  • 20
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 610-623 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radiative-convective model ; Cloud feedback ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cloud feedback on the response of a radiative-convective model to a change in cloud model parameters, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and solar constant has been studied using two different parameterization schemes. The method for simulating the vertical distribution of both cloud cover and cloud optical thickness, which depends on the relative humidity and on the saturation mixing ratio of water vapor, respectively, is the same in both approaches, but the schemes differ with respect to modeling the water vapor profile. In scheme I atmospheric water vapor is coupled to surface parameters, while in scheme II an explicit balance equation for water vapor in the individual atmospheric layers is used. For both models the combined effect of feedbacks due to variations in lapse rate, cloud cover, and cloud optical thickness results in different relationships between changes in surface temperature, planetary temperature, and cloud cover. Specifically, for a CO2 doubling and a 2% increase in solar constant, in both models the surface warming is reduced by cloud feedback, in contrast to no feedback, with the greater reduction in scheme I as compared to that of scheme II.
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