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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (417)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1985-1989  (204)
  • 1980-1984  (213)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1
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    Spatial and temporal characteristics of global cloud cover as observed from the Nimbus-7 satellite (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spatial and temporal characteristics of the total cloud amount (TCA) were determined on the bases of 2 yr of data collected by Nimbus-7. The instruments used were the 11.5 microns channel of the Temperature Humidity IR radiometer and the 0.38 micron channel of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Comparisons were made between long-term averages and large variations during the El Nino/Southern Oscillation event of 1982/83. Separate attention was also given to the TCA for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and to TCA averages over specific large-scale global features such as deserts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. II Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes and airborne lidar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are shown from the first set of measurements conducted to validate extinction data from the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II). Dustsonde-measured number density profiles and lidar-measured backscattering profiles for two days are converted to extinction profiles, and are shown to agree within their respective uncertainties at all heights above the tropopause. Near the tropopause, agreement depends on use of model size distributions with larger particles, having radii greater than 0.6 microns. The presence of such large particles is supported by measurements made elsewhere, is suggested by the in situ size distribution measurements reported, and is likely to have an important bearing on the radiative impact of the total stratospheric aerosol. It is concluded that the SAM II extinction data and uncertainty estimates are supported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Polar stratospheric cloud sightings by SAM II (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The functions and data gained regarding stratospheric cloud sightings by the stratospheric aerosol measurement (SAM) II experiment on board the Numbus 7 spacecraft are reported. SAM II comprises a single channel sun photometer centered at 1.0 micron wavelength for measuring the solar intensity when the sun descends below an apparent 300 km altitude until the sun is occulted by clouds or the horizon. Readings are also made during sunrise in an opposite fashion. Transmission profiles are developed from the data and used to construct profiles of aerosol extinction with a 1 km resolution. Polar stratospheric clouds have been observed in more than 90% of the cases when the minimum temperature is 185 K or less, and 45% of the time when the temperature is 193 K or less. The clouds were more prevalent in the Antarctic winter than during the Arctic winter, and cloud height was lower than indicated by previous data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; June 198
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  • 4
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    The radiative budget of tropical clouds - A case study (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data collected during flight 9 of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP), in Australia (1987), are used in an attempt to define the nature of one particular cirrus outflow region and its radiative impact. To explore the mechanisms by which air is exchanged between the stratosphere and troposphere, a series of instruments was flown on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft to make measurements relevant to the radiative budget of tropical clouds. The data acquired included upwelling infrared radiance at 10.5 and 6.5 microns (spectral bandwidth of 1 micron); net infrared flux (spectral bandwidth of 3 to 40 microns); cloud particle size distribution; water-vapor and total water (vapor plus condensed phase); aerosol particle size distribution; and ambient temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on the Role of Clouds in Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Climate; Jan 30, 1989 - Feb 03, 1989; Anaheim, CA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Importance of a remote measurement of spectral thermal infrared emissivities - Presentation and validation of such a determination (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 121-127
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  • 6
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    Intercomparison between Nimbus-7 cirrus cloud data and ERB measurements (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nimbus-7 and Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) data were compared with the quantity of high, thin cirrus clouds over a 6 yr period. Three separate data analysis techniques are described which were used to derive cloud cover and total upwelling radiance values from the satellite data. Zonal average cirrus clouds amounts are compared with surface observations and SAGE satellite data, and comparisons are made between the cloud amount estimates made with ERB data and data from other Nimbus-7 instruments. All Nimbus-7 instrumental data indicated cloud amounts and frequency of occurrence patterns which were commensurate with surface observations, except in high latitude zones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Reflectivity of earth's surface and clouds in ultraviolet from satellite observations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on board Nimbus 7 is used to infer the UV surface and cloud reflectance at 370 nm. Cloudless surface reflectivity was analyzed on a global basis for all surface types for several months. The UV surface reflectivity varies from 2 percent for some forest and grassland regions to 14 percent for some sandy desert areas. A notable exception is the large salt flats of Bolivia, which have a reflectivity of about 60 percent. Cloud reflectivity was also analyzed for clouds located at three levels in the atmosphere, as determined by the 11.5 micron channel of the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer. Average cloud reflectivity at 370 nm ranges from 52 percent for low clouds (tops less than 2 km) to 76 percent for high clouds (tops greater than 7 km at the equator, decreasing to greater than 4 km at poles).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4287-429
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    The Nimbus-7 Global Cloud Climatology (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus-7 Global Cloud Climatology (N7GCC) has been produced from measurements made between April 1979 and March 1985 using the Temperature Humidity IR Radiometer and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The N7GCC gives, near local noon and midnight, the fractional area covered by high-level, middle-level, and low-altitude clouds, and the total fractional area covered by all clouds. Statistics for cirrus, deep convective, and warm low-altitude clouds and the cloud and clear-sky radiances with correlative surface temperatures are also included. The N7GCC is compared with other cloud data sets, including the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 69; 743-752
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Heating rates in tropical anvils (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The interaction of infrared and solar radiation with tropical cirrus anvils is addressed. Optical properties of the anvils are inferred from satellite observations and from high-altitude aircraft measurements. An infrared multiple-scattering model is used to compute heating rates in tropical anvils. Layer-average heating rates in 2 km thick anvils were found to be on the order of 20 to 30 K/day. The difference between heating rates at cloud bottom and cloud top ranges from 30 to 200 K/day, leading to convective instability in the anvil. The calculations are most sensitive to the assumed ice water content, but also are affected by the vertical distribution of ice water content and by the anvil thickness. Solar heating in anvils is shown to be less important than infrared heating but not negligible. The dynamical implications of the computed heating rates are also explored and it is concluded that the heating may have important consequences for upward mass transport in the tropics. The potential impact of tropical cirrus on the tropical energy balance and cloud forcing are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 45; 1606-162
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Stratospheric aerosol modification by supersonic transport and space shuttle operations - Climate implications (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The potential effects on stratospheric aerosols of supersonic transport emissions of sulfur dioxide gas and submicron soot granules, and space shuttle rocket emissions of aluminum oxide particulates are estimated. An interactive particle-gas model of the stratospheric aerosol layer is used to calculate changes due to exhaust emissions, and an accurate radiation transport model is employed to compute the effect of aerosol changes on the earth's average surface temperature. It is concluded that the release of large numbers of small particles (soot or aluminum oxide) into the stratosphere should not lead to a corresponding significant increase in the concentration of large, optically active aerosols, but that the increase in large particles is severely limited by the total mass of sulfate available to make large particles in situ, and by the rapid loss of small seed particles via coagulation. We find that a fleet of several hundred advanced supersonic aircraft operating daily at 20 km, or the launch of one space shuttle rocket per week, could produce roughly a 20% increase in the large-particle concentration of the stratosphere. We find, in addition, that aerosol increases of this magnitude would reduce the global surface temperature by less than 0.01 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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