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  • Cambridge University Press  (2,210)
  • 2020-2024  (15)
  • 1995-1999  (786)
  • 1980-1984  (853)
  • 1965-1969  (446)
  • 1950-1954  (110)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1965-02-01
    Description: For optimal growth and production animals require an adequate supply of each nutrient in the diet. This means that within the total of the ration every constituent is allocated its own appropriate proportion and that all the components fit into an ideal balance one with the other. It is reasonably straightforward to define the principles of allocation for vitamins and minerals where a particular chemical entity serves a reasonably well-defined specific function. The definition of the protein component reflects a requirement for certain essential amino acids and for the materials necessary to synthesize the non-essential ones. There remains, however, a major portion of the diet that is not amenable to such specific definition. This fraction includes various chemical entities—fats, carbohydrates and fibrous materials—which are not in themselves indispensable nutrients. It is now accepted, however, that the nutritive value of these components can for convenience be expressed as a whole in terms of their capacity to release energy upon oxidation.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 1995-02-01
    Description: SUMMARYThe idea that the addition of compound feed to grass at ensilage can result in adequate preservation of the crop without the need for an acid additive, and that less compound feed would then need to be given when the silage is subsequently fed, was tested with dairy cows. Two diets were compared: (1) a conventional grass silage, to which acid had been added at the time of ensiling, plus concentrates supplied at the time of feeding, and (2) grass silage, to which a compound feed had been added at the time of ensiling, plus a lower rate of concentrates. Each diet was fed to 12 lactating cows for 82 days.The total intake of dry matter was 17·3 kg per cow per day on diet 1 and 18·3 kg on diet 2. Daily milk yields per cow were 24·5 and 26·1 kg, respectively, with similar milk composition. The estimated diet costs per kg of milk were 9·3 p on (1) and 8·3 p on (2). It is concluded that the addition of compound feed to grass at ensilage is worth considering on dairy farms as an alternative to conventional grass silage, but that a more comprehensive study is needed.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 1983-04-01
    Description: SUMMARYA multifactorial experiment sown to winter wheat cv. Hustler in autumn 1978 tested the effects of combinations of the following eight factors, each at two levels: drill type, sowing date, amount of nitrogen, division of nitrogen, irrigation, autumn pesticide (aldicarb), summer aphicide (pirimicarb), and fungicide (carbendazim, maneb and tridemorph).The mean grain yield of all plots was 9·7 t/ha and the best eight-plot treatment mean was 11·3 t/ha. The factors that had the greatest effect on yield were aphicide and fungicide, mainly from the control of Metopolophium dirhodum and Septoria spp. respectively. Both factors increased grain size and their effects were more than additive and greater with 250 than with 160 kg N/ha. Aphicide and fungicide also temporarily decreased the numbers of microbes on the developing ears. Autumn pesticide gave good control of aphids in the winter and some control in the summer: it also decreased nematode populations and slightly increased yields.Precision sowing compared with random distribution of seeds along the row had little effect on growth or yield. Sowing on 21 September compared with 13 October greatly increased growth early in the season but had less effect after anthesis; it was the only factor that increased yield when aphicide and fungicide were applied. There was negligible infection by barley yellow dwarf virus in crops sown on either date. The amount and division of N fertilizer affected N uptake early in the season and had small effects on the production and survival of tillers. Three N applications instead of one slightly increased grain yields but did not affect total N uptake by grains plus straw, which averaged 190 kg N/ha. The larger amount of N always increased N uptake but decreased yield in the absence of aphicide and fungicide. Irrigation slightly decreased yield despite prolonging the duration of green leaf area.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1999-01-01
    Description: Ice at depth in ice sheets can be softer in bed-parallel shear than Glen’s flow law predicts. For example, at Dye 3, Greenland, enhancement factors of 3 4 are needed in order to explain the rate of borehole tilting Previous authors have identified crystal fabric as the dominant contributor, but the role of impurities and crystal size is still incompletely resolved. Here we use two formulations of anisotropic flow laws for ice (Azuma’s and Sachs’ models) to account for the effects of anisotropy, and show that the measured anisotropy of the ice at Dye 3 cannot explain all the detailed variations in the measured strain rates, the jump in enhancement across the Holocene–Wisconsin boundary is larger than expected from the measured fabrics alone. Dust and soluble-ion concentration divided by crystal size correlates well with the residual enhancement, indicating that most of the “excess deformation” may be due to impurities or crystal size. While the major features of the deformation at Dye 3 are explained by anisotropy and temperature, results also suggest that further research into the role of impurities and crystal size is warranted.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1996-07-01
    Description: Neoproterozoic–Cambrian rocks of the Zavkhan Basin (Govi-Altay, western Mongolia) comprise large-scale alternations of siliciclastic- and carbonate-dominated units (cf. ‘Grand Cycles’). Analysis of such depositional sequences near the base of the Cambrian confirms that the distribution of trace fossils, small shelly fossils and calcimicrobial structures was strongly controlled by ecology and taphonomy, corresponding to specific points in a sea-level cycle. Evolution of the Cambrian biota is thus viewed through aseries of narrow time windows, once only for each depositional cycle. Correlation of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary level on the basis of the first appearance of the Phycodes pedum assemblage is also fraught with difficulty, since stratigraphic resolution may be limited to a single sea-level cycle(c. 1–5 Ma). It is suggested that, in many cases, basin analysis will need to be undertaken before this boundary can be drawn.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1981-01-01
    Description: SummaryLate Triassic Radiolaria have been recovered from a bedded chert collected early in 1977 in the South Orkney islands. This is the first reliable palaeontological evidence for the age of the so-called basement complex that forms most of the exposed rock of a microcontinent on the southern limb of the Scotia Ridge. The fossils place a lower limit on the age of deformation of at least part of the complex as post-Karnian or Norian. The basement is overlain by undeformed Jurassic to Cretaceous conglomerates, which suggests this event took place during the early Mesozoic Gondwanian orogeny.The new data are consistent with the interpretation that the basement complex of the South Orkney Islands represents part of a subduction complex and was accreted to the Pacific margin of Gondwanaland during the late Triassic or early Jurassic time.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1995-03-01
    Description: The westward continuation of the Highland Border fault of Scotland (HBFZ) into Ireland is problematic. It is widely thought to follow a pronounced magnetic and gravity lineament, the Fair Head-Clew Bay Line (FCL). The advantage of this interpretation is that it places all the Ordovician ophiolitic complexes and associated sedimentary basins to the south of the FCL, which would represent the contact between Laurentia and the outboard terranes. Its main shortcomings are that both the deep structure and timing of strike-slip are different on the HBFZ and FCL. In Ireland the FCL is a north-dipping feature that can be traced to the Moho on BIRPS profiles, while the HBFZ has no such signature. Terrane amalgamation in western Ireland was completed by the late Ordovician, while in Scotland the Midland Valley terrane did not finally dock until the early Devonian. These considerations suggest that in western Ireland a branch of the HBFZ exists, which was active in post-Ordovician time and must lie south of Connemara. An examination of Irish geological, geophysical and image-processed magnetic data shows that a profound lineament can be traced from Antrim to Galway Bay (the Antrim–Galway Line). Stitching plutons date movement on it as pre-405 Ma. We propose that the Antrim–Galway Line represents the continuation of the Scottish HBFZ, while the FCL is a preserved Ordovician splay of the HBFZ system whose northdipping geometry is a product of Ordovician collapse of the orogen in western Ireland.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Description: There is at present a need to develop a better technique for measuring the rate of icing on structures such as, for example, overhead transmission lines. For aircraft and helicopter icing, the most widely used method of measurement is the rotating cylinder. However, for measuring the icing of structures, this method is difficult to apply and also less accurate due to lower wind velocities. Different approaches are now being developed using fixed cylinders.Icing tests were conducted with fixed and rotating cylinders in a wind tunnel. The rate of icing was obtained through measurements of volume, accretion cross-section and time of deposition. Tests were made using five different liquid water contents and droplet diameter spectra, and four cylinder diameters, keeping the wind velocity and temperature constant. The rate of icing is presented as a function of the diameters of the fixed and rotating cylinders for each of the liquid water contents tested. Results indicate that at lower wind velocities the accretion rate is overestimated for the smaller rotating cylinders. This difference is probably due to the variation of the collection efficiency with diameter. From these results it is suggested that the rate of ice accretion on structures should be based on at least two fixed cylinders of different small sizes in order to take into account the effect of the collection efficiency.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Description: There is at present a need to develop a better technique for measuring the rate of icing on structures such as, for example, overhead transmission lines. For aircraft and helicopter icing, the most widely used method of measurement is the rotating cylinder. However, for measuring the icing of structures, this method is difficult to apply and also less accurate due to lower wind velocities. Different approaches are now being developed using fixed cylinders. Icing tests were conducted with fixed and rotating cylinders in a wind tunnel. The rate of icing was obtained through measurements of volume, accretion cross-section and time of deposition. Tests were made using five different liquid water contents and droplet diameter spectra, and four cylinder diameters, keeping the wind velocity and temperature constant. The rate of icing is presented as a function of the diameters of the fixed and rotating cylinders for each of the liquid water contents tested. Results indicate that at lower wind velocities the accretion rate is overestimated for the smaller rotating cylinders. This difference is probably due to the variation of the collection efficiency with diameter. From these results it is suggested that the rate of ice accretion on structures should be based on at least two fixed cylinders of different small sizes in order to take into account the effect of the collection efficiency.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1999-01-01
    Description: Since 1994, the Institute of Geological Sciences has undertaken an environmental monitoring program to measure radiocarbon levels in territory adjacent to active nuclear power plants (NPP). We determined 14C concentrations in natural objects from areas contiguous to Ignalina NPP as well as 14C background concentration in areas remote from the NPP. In the environs of the Ignalina station comparatively elevated levels of 14C were observed in vegetation and waters of Lake Drisvyaty. This appears to be a consequence of release of carbon radioisotope into the atmosphere and probably into waters of the lake during operation of the nuclear reactor.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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