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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) has developed an interactive application, for educational purposes, in order to make schools aware of the dangers deriving from radon, and in general from harmful gases (gas hazards), near volcanic areas. To raise children awareness on the dangers related to an invisible enemy, often odorless “gases”, is not a simple task. Since our target are children between 11 and 13 years of age, we decided to develop a videogame with the scope of enabling them to learn the most appropriate solutions for identifying/avoiding/managing hazards. The use of a videogame for spreading information on gas hazards makes learning fun and, at the same time, feasible in a historic moment where Covid-19 does not allow for lessons to be physically partaken in a classroom. Furthermore, this type of learning known as “edutainment” is more effective, captivating and meaningful, allowing students to acquire a more concrete and longer remembered knowledge. The videogame, called GioGas, is a single player game running on both Android mobile phone and personal computers. GioGas has been developed using the Role Playing Game Maker MV graphic engine. The engine provides a map editor and several characters allowing for the creation of various biomes, also including the possibility to insert music. From the technical point of view the engine is based on javascript for the events creation and triggers management simplifying porting on mobile and desktop operating systems. The game characters are a INGV researcher, staying in a rented house during his vacation, and an elderly lady that asks for help to understand if her grandchild’s health issues are related to the recent digging of a well nearby the house. The characters move around in the virtual environment in different locations organized in several levels. Through the game, the student will learn the symptoms caused by gases, the instruments and the techniques to identify/measure them and the solutions to adopt to solve the problem. During the game, the researcher will hand out information and the student will choose which solution to apply: this will also stimulate student inclination to problem solving and overview capacities. Each solution will return a result in terms of risk mitigation and a score, from 1 to 3, based on the effectiveness of the identified solution. In the future, to add more stimulating and engaging elements for the student, a multiplayer mode will be developed, giving the students the possibility to challenge themselves.
    Description: Published
    Description: On-Line
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Keywords: gas hazards ; videogame ; radon ; volcanic areas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Abstract
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In aree di vulcanismo attivo e recente, oltre all’emissione di vapore e gas dai crateri centrali, si possono verificare emissioni di gas dal suolo che vengono rilasciati in modo diffuso o in mofete, o ancora che si disciolgono in acquiferi superficiali. Generalmente il gas più abbondante (fino al 99 vol.%) è l’anidride carbonica (CO2), ma in alcuni casi può essere anche il metano (CH4). La CO2 è un gas incolore e inodore che tende ad accumularsi in depressioni o scantinati dove ristagna in assenza di vento. Respirare aria con una concentrazione di anidride carbonica maggiore di 8 vol.% può condurre all’incoscienza o alla morte. Un esempio di quello che potrebbe accadere, anche se si tratta di un caso estremo, è rappresentato dal tragico evento avvenuto presso il lago Nyos in Camerun (un lago ospitato in un cratere vulcanico). Durante la notte del 21 agosto 1986 le acque del lago, sature di CO2, si rovesciarono improvvisamente e per decompressione si liberò una enorme quantità di gas che scese lungo i fianchi del cratere fino a raggiungere la valle sottostante dove vi era un villaggio. La nube di CO2, silenziosa e inodore, colse nel sonno gli abitanti e uccise circa 1700 persone e circa 3000 capi di bestiame [Barberi et al., 1986]. Numerosi incidenti dovuti all’inalazione di gas vulcanici sono avvenuti in varie altre parti del mondo, in particolare in Italia, Giappone, Nuova Zelanda [Hansell and Oppenheimer, 2004; Durand and Wilson, 2005] e nelle Isole Azzorre (Portogallo) [Viveiros et al., 2015]. Anche in Italia, purtroppo sono avvenuti diversi incidenti letali dovuti ad inalazione di CO2; si ricorda ad esempio che alla fine degli anni ’80 due bambini persero la vita nell’isola di Vulcano [Baubron et al., 1990] e ancora nel complesso vulcanico dei Colli Albani due uomini persero la vita, il primo a Cava dei Selci (frazione di Marino) nel 2000 e il secondo a Lavinio nel 2011 [Carapezza et al., 2003; Barberi et al., 2019]. Sempre in provincia di Roma, numerosi casi di intossicazione da CO2, che hanno altresì comportato l’evacuazione temporanea di alcune abitazioni, sono avvenuti per blowout (emissione incontrollata) di gas da pozzi d’acqua [Barberi et al., 2007; Carapezza et al., 2020]. La Campania ospita due dei vulcani quiescenti considerati tra i più pericolosi al mondo proprio per l’alta densità di popolazione che vive nelle zone esposte al pericolo: il Vesuvio e i Campi Flegrei. Anche in queste aree vulcaniche si hanno emissioni di gas endogeni e falde d’acqua ricche in CO2 e in caso di riattivazione del vulcano c’è da aspettarsi anche un forte incremento del rilascio del gas endogeno [Barberi et al., 2005]. Al fine di far conoscere tale problematica alla popolazione, si è ritenuto opportuno di agire sui ragazzi e di farlo in modo stimolante e divertente attraverso un Videogioco che catturi la loro attenzione in modo da portarli a scoprire le soluzioni più adeguate da adottare per individuare/evitare/gestire i pericoli legati a quello che spesso viene definito anche “carburante delle eruzioni”, i gas vulcanici. Le attività che hanno portato alla realizzazione di questo lavoro (e nello specifico del videogioco) sono state svolte nell’ambito del Progetto Europeo RESPIRE – Radon rEal time monitoring System and proactive Indoor Remediation (LIFE16ENV/IT/000553) e con la collaborazione di un Tirocinante del Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica Applicata dell’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Il lavoro è stato descritto e sintetizzato in questo Report attraverso varie sezioni. La prima in cui si descrive la problematica dei Gas Vulcanici e della loro pericolosità; l’importanza e i vantaggi derivati dall’utilizzo di un videogioco come strumento di apprendimento; l’obiettivo che il videogioco si prefigge di raggiungere. Una seconda sezione in cui, in prima istanza, si evidenzia l’importanza di sviluppare un videogioco a partire da un Motore Grafico che consente di tralasciare i dettagli hardware e software di basso livello e di concentrarsi maggiormente sull’interattività e sulle regole del gioco, e in seconda istanza si descrivono le caratteristiche principali del motore grafico alla base del gioco (RPG Maker MV).Una terza sezione in cui viene presentato il videogioco sviluppato denominato “GioGas”; nello specifico, la sua trama, l’interfaccia grafica che lo caratterizza e alcuni sui dettagli implementativi. Infine, una sezione in cui vengono descritti gli sviluppi futuri come ad esempio la divulgazione presso le scuole e in occasione di eventi, l’implementazione di una versione multiplayer del gioco al fine di aggiungere ulteriori elementi di stimolo e di coinvolgimento per lo studente.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: edutainment ; pericolosità gas vulcanici ; video game ; volcanic gas hazard ; radon
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: On 21 August 2017, a shallow earthquake of Md 4.0 struck the Casamicciola Terme village in the north of Ischia volcanic island (Italy). The earthquake has the typical characteristics of volcano­tectonic events recorded at active volcanoes and occurred along the E­W normal system fault bounding the northern slope of Mt. Epomeo. The epicentral area has been repeatedly damaged in the last three centuries (1796, 1828, 1881, 1883) [Alessio et al., 1996; Carlino et al., 2011; Cubellis and Luongo, 1998]. In this work, we present a collection of pictures showing the geological effects produced on either the natural or the built environment by the Casamicciola earthquake. Most of the coseismic geologic effects were observed along the E­W piedmont belt of Mt. Epomeo, which extends for about 2 km between the village of Fango (Lacco Ameno) to the west and Bagni Square to the East (Fig. 1). Mapped effects define a belt which closely follows the trace of the Casamicciola E­W trending normal fault system, bounding the northern slope of Mt. Epomeo, previously known as a Latest Pleistocene to Holocene normal fault [Nappi et al., 2018]. The Emergeo Working Group conducted a field work, collecting data that were managed following the procedures codified after the earthquake sequences of Emilia 2012 and Amatrice­Visso­Norcia 2016­2017 [Emergeo Working Group, 2012, 2016; Pucci et al., 2017; Civico et al., 2018; Villani et al., 2018]. Photographic collections of the coseismic geological effects induced by these earthquake were also published [Emergeo Working Group, 2012; Emergeo Working Group, 2017 a, b]. Field measurements were greatly aided by the use of mobile devices equipped with a specific software employing GPS, compass and orientation sensors (Rocklogger© mobile app, www.rockgecko.com), which allowed for quick and accurate structural data collection and real­time sharing. The whole data set was stored and managed in a georeferenced database on an Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcGIS platform. Further data were acquired using remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) equipped with a Sony Alpha 6000 camera and a Flir SC655 thermal camera. We collected more than 100 observations of several different coseismic effects across the epicentral area and its sourroundings. These include fractures, ruptures, and a few minor gravitational phenomena like collapses and small landslides in volcanoclastic deposits. Moreover we observed widespread effects related to shaking, such as the collapse of drywalls made of green tuff and lava and known locally as “parracine”. The photographic dataset consist of 72 pictures of coseismic geological effects along a E­W direction. The pictures are grouped in three areas of observation. Each picture reports a series of information such as type of effect, site of observation, and geographical coordinates (decimal degrees). The reference system/datum used is WGS84. In Figure 1 we show the map of the pictures sites along with the location of the mainshock of the seismic event.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-94
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: Geothermal and volcanic systems are prone to gravity-induced slope instability at different scales. Endogenous magmatic, hydrothermal and seismic forcings can significantly modify rock mass rheology and perturb the local stress field and gravitational equilibrium, inducing shallow or slope-scale processes. The island of Ischia, which is part of the Phlegrean Volcanic District (Italy), is a remarkable example of this kind of complex interacting system. This study focuses on monitoring the hydrothermal system located beneath the ongoing slope-scale deformation, which involves Mt Nuovo (the western part of Mt Epomeo) and is a complementary effect of the resurgence of an ancient caldera. Debris and rock avalanches have affected the slopes of this volcanic island, in response to the renewal of volcanic activity and caldera resurgence. Large parts of the corresponding mass-wasting deposits overlay the most active areas of the Ischia hydrothermal system, where ongoing slope-scale gravity-driven deformation owing to a mass rock creep (MRC) process is still evolving. To investigate possible relations between the perturbing shallow hydrothermal system and the MRC process, thermal monitoring of selected groups of fumarolic emissions located in several portions of the deforming sector has been carried out since 2008 on a monthly basis by means of direct (thermal probes) and remote sensing (IRthermography) techniques. Thermal monitoring of specific fumaroles reveals a peculiar seasonal trend characterized by a delayed inverse correlation with rainy periods and a short-term pulsating response to dry stages. The fumaroles also appear spatially correlated to the presence of MRC-related structures involving volcanic slopes. According to the measured thermal data, a conceptual model of the thermal interactions within the Mt Nuovo slope is provided, framing the potential role of thermal actions in accelerating the deformation process. In this view, possible chain effects, owing to magmatic or hydrothermal renovation, are depicted, delineating the most severe multihazard scenario consisting of an accelerating evolution of the MRC process towards paroxysmal collapse.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: Thermal monitoring ; interactions ; hydrothermal system ; slope-scale gravitational deformation ; Mt Epomeo ; Ischia Island, Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-08-22
    Description: Open conduit volcanoes like Stromboli can display elusive changes in activity before major eruptive events. Starting on December 2020, Stromboli volcano displayed an increasing eruptive activity, that on 19 May 2021 led to a crater-rim collapse, with pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that spread along the barren NWflank, entered the sea and ran across it for more than 1 km. This episode was followed by lava flow output from the crater rim lasting a few hours, followed by another phase of lava flow in June 2021. These episodes are potentially very dangerous on island volcanoes since a landslide of hot material that turns into a pyroclastic density current and spreads on the sea surface can threaten mariners and coastal communities, as happened at Stromboli on 3 July and 28 August 2019. In addition, on entering the sea, if their volume is large enough, landslides may trigger tsunamis, as occurred at Stromboli on 30 December 2002. In this paper, we present an integration of multidisciplinary monitoring data, including thermal and visible camera images, ground deformation data gathered from GNSS, tilt, strainmeter and GBInSAR, seismicity, SO2 plume and CO2 ground fluxes and thermal data from the ground and satellite imagery, together with petrological analyses of the erupted products compared with samples from previous similar events. We aim at characterizing the preparatory phase of the volcano that began on December 2020 and led to the May–June 2021 eruptive activity, distinguishing this small intrusion of magma from the much greater 2019 eruptive phase, which was fed by gas-rich magma responsible for the paroxysmal explosive and effusive phases of July–August 2019. These complex eruption scenarios have important implications for hazard assessment and the lessons learned at Stromboli volcano may prove useful for other open conduit active basaltic volcanoes.
    Description: This research was funded by the Project FIRSTForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: Timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020). This research was funded by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile,” through the UniFi-DPC 2019-2021 agreement (Scientific Responsibility: N.C.).
    Description: Published
    Description: 899635
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; multi-disciplinary monitoring data ; crater-rim collapse ; pyroclastic density current ; hazard assessment ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-10-14
    Description: Assessing the variations in space and time of groundwater circulation in volcanic islands is of paramount importance to the description of the hydro-geo-thermal system and implementation of hydrogeological, geochemical, and volcanic monitoring systems. In fact, the reliable reconstruction of the groundwater potentiometric surface in such composite volcanic aquifer systems can enable the identification of the most advantageous strategies for both the sustainable use of groundwater resources and the management of volcanic risk. Geographical Information System (GIS) platforms can support the integration and analysis of many spatial and temporal variables derived from monitoring of active volcanoes and the elaboration of spatially continuous data. However, open issues still affect the reliability and general applicability of common spatial interpolation methods in the case of groundwater potentiometric surfaces. This is related to the assessment of the main stratigraphic and volcano-tectonic features affecting the hydraulic head changes. With regard to the dynamically very active Ischia Island (Italy), this study illustrates a GIS-based hydrogeological approach to identify the most accurate interpolation method for mapping the potentiometric surface in complex hydrogeological terrains. The proposed approach has been applied to the existing dataset (1977–2003) stored by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Based on a careful geological and hydrogeological survey, a total of 267 wells, from 5 to 250 m in depth, were processed. The data pre-processing involved four meteorological time-series data (1922–1997) and six long records of piezometric water levels (1930–1994). As a result, knowledge of the delineation of rather homogeneous stratigraphic and volcano-tectonic structures at the basin-scale has improved. Thus, new, more reliable potentiometric surfaces of the four main geothermal areas closest to the coast were produced during both dry and wet seasons. The reliability of the processed potentiometric surface was then validated by comparing the spatially continuous data with complementary field data. These findings point toward an optimal interpolation approach for representing the seasonal and areal distribution of main hydrogeological parameters in complex aquifer systems. Finally, insights into variations of hydrological behavior at an active volcanic area will foster an understanding of possible involvement of fresh and thermal waters in triggering phreatic explosions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 883719
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: groundwater map ; hydrothermal system ; conceptual model ; volcanic island hydrogeology ; spatial interpolation ; GIS ; Ischia Island
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-10-14
    Description: The structural setting of the Ischia resurgent caldera and its magmatic system has been investigated by a joined interpretation of a 3D inversion of previously collected gravimetric data and all the available geological, geophysical and petrological data. Starting from the available Bouguer gravity map of the Neapolitan volcanic area and a previous 2.5D modelling, a selection of on-land and off-shore gravity data has been used to perform a 3D inversion, adapting and merging the basic ideas of two already tested methods, used to detect isolated bodies and layered discontinuities respectively. The base of the map is a set of gravity values, covering the whole Neapolitan volcanic area and the Gulf of Naples, which results from the union of 862 offshore and about 2000 on land already existing gravity data, uniformed and re-analyzed. The final model proposed here allow to outline a very detailed and well constrained structural setting of the crustal sector beneath Ischia. In particular, the 3D gravity inversion allowed to outline a body with negative density contrast under the Mt. Epomeo, interpreted as the resurgent block, and to describe the magmatic system underneath it as a complex system of intrusions, rather than an uniformly distributed laccolithic body.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Keywords: Gravity ; Bouguer anomaly
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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