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  • American Geophysical Union  (87)
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • PANGAEA
  • 2020-2023  (88)
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  • 1
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    The transpolar drift as a source of riverine and shelf-derived trace elements to the central Arctic Ocean (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(5), (2020): e2019JC015920, doi:10.1029/2019JC015920.
    Description: A major surface circulation feature of the Arctic Ocean is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), a current that transports river‐influenced shelf water from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas toward the center of the basin and Fram Strait. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program included a high‐resolution pan‐Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). The cruises bisected the TPD at two locations in the central basin, which were defined by maxima in meteoric water and dissolved organic carbon concentrations that spanned 600 km horizontally and ~25–50 m vertically. Dissolved TEIs such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Hg, Nd, and Th, which are generally particle‐reactive but can be complexed by organic matter, were observed at concentrations much higher than expected for the open ocean setting. Other trace element concentrations such as Al, V, Ga, and Pb were lower than expected due to scavenging over the productive East Siberian and Laptev shelf seas. Using a combination of radionuclide tracers and ice drift modeling, the transport rate for the core of the TPD was estimated at 0.9 ± 0.4 Sv (106 m3 s−1). This rate was used to derive the mass flux for TEIs that were enriched in the TPD, revealing the importance of lateral transport in supplying materials beneath the ice to the central Arctic Ocean and potentially to the North Atlantic Ocean via Fram Strait. Continued intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost degradation will likely lead to an increase in the flux of TEIs into the Arctic Ocean.
    Description: Funding for Arctic GEOTRACES was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Swedish Research Council Formas, French Agence Nationale de la Recherche and LabexMER, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and Independent Research Fund Denmark. Data from GEOTRACES cruises GN01 (HLY1502) and GN04 (PS94) have been archived at the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO‐DMO); https://www.bco-dmo.org/deployment/638807) and PANGAEA (https://www.pangaea.de/?q=PS94&f.campaign%5B%5D=PS94) websites, respectively. The inorganic carbon data are available at the NOAA Ocean Carbon Data System (OCADS; doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.CLIVAR_ARC01_33HQ20150809).
    Description: 2020-10-08
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Transpolar Drift ; trace elements ; carbon ; nutrients ; GEOTRACES]
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Turbidity currents can dictate organic carbon fluxes across river‐fed fjords: an example from Bute Inlet (BC, Canada) (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hage, S., Galy, V., Cartigny, M., Heerema, C., Heijnen, M., Acikalin, S., Clare, M., Giesbrecht, I., Gröcke, D., Hendry, A., Hilton, R., Hubbard, S., Hunt, J., Lintern, D., McGhee, C., Parsons, D., Pope, E., Stacey, C., Sumner, E., Tank, S., & Talling, P. Turbidity currents can dictate organic carbon fluxes across river‐fed fjords: an example from Bute Inlet (BC, Canada). Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127(6), (2022): e2022JG006824, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jg006824.
    Description: The delivery and burial of terrestrial particulate organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is important to quantify, because this OC is a food resource for benthic communities, and if buried it may lower the concentrations of atmospheric CO2 over geologic timescales. Analysis of sediment cores has previously shown that fjords are hotspots for OC burial. Fjords can contain complex networks of submarine channels formed by seafloor sediment flows, called turbidity currents. However, the burial efficiency and distribution of OC by turbidity currents in river-fed fjords had not been investigated previously. Here, we determine OC distribution and burial efficiency across a turbidity current system within Bute Inlet, a fjord in western Canada. We show that 62% ± 10% of the OC supplied by the two river sources is buried across the fjord surficial (30–200 cm) sediment. The sandy subenvironments (channel and lobe) contain 63% ± 14% of the annual terrestrial OC burial in the fjord. In contrast, the muddy subenvironments (overbank and distal basin) contain the remaining 37% ± 14%. OC in the channel, lobe, and overbank exclusively comprises terrestrial OC sourced from rivers. When normalized by the fjord’s surface area, at least 3 times more terrestrial OC is buried in Bute Inlet, compared to the muddy parts of other fjords previously studied. Although the long-term (〉100 years) preservation of this OC is still to be fully understood, turbidity currents in fjords appear to be efficient at storing OC supplied by rivers in their near-surface deposits.
    Description: S.H. acknowledges funding by the IAS postgraduate grant scheme, a Research Development funds offered by Durham University, and the NOCS/WHOI exchange program. S.H. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 899546. The field campaign and geochemical analyses were supported by Natural Environment Research Council grants NE/M007138/1, NE/W30601/1, NE/N012798/1, NE/K011480/1 and NE/M017540/1. M.J.B.C. was funded by a Royal Society Research Fellowship (DHF\R1\180166). M.A.C. was supported by the U.K. National Capability NERC CLASS program (NE/R015953/1) and NERC grants (NE/P009190/1 and NE/P005780/1). C.J.H. and M.S.H. were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 721403 - ITN SLATE. E.L.P. was supported by a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship (ECF-2018-267).
    Keywords: Fjords ; Organic carbon ; Sediment ; Submarine channel ; Carbon burial ; Rivers
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  • 3
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    Quasi-biweekly mode of the Asian summer monsoon revealed in Bay of Bengal surface observations (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(12),(2020): e2020JC016271, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016271.
    Description: Asian summer monsoon has a planetary‐scale, westward propagating “quasi‐biweekly” mode of variability with a 10–25 day period. Six years of moored observations at 18°N, 89.5°E in the north Bay of Bengal (BoB) reveal distinct quasi‐biweekly variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) during summer and autumn, with peak‐to‐peak amplitude of 3–8 psu. This large‐amplitude SSS variability is not due to variations of surface freshwater flux or river runoff. We show from the moored data, satellite SSS, and reanalyses that surface winds associated with the quasi‐biweekly monsoon mode and embedded weather‐scale systems, drive SSS and coastal sea level variability in 2015 summer monsoon. When winds are calm, geostrophic currents associated with mesoscale ocean eddies transport Ganga‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna river water southward to the mooring, salinity falls, and the ocean mixed layer shallows to 1–10 m. During active (cloudy, windy) spells of quasi‐biweekly monsoon mode, directly wind‐forced surface currents carry river water away to the east and north, leading to increased salinity at the moorings, and rise of sea level by 0.1–0.5 m along the eastern and northern boundary of the bay. During July–August 2015, a shallow pool of low‐salinity river water lies in the northeastern bay. The amplitude of a 20‐day oscillation of sea surface temperature (SST) is two times larger within the fresh pool than in the saltier ocean to the west, although surface heat flux is nearly identical in the two regions. This is direct evidence that spatial‐temporal variations of BoB salinity influences sub‐seasonal SST variations, and possibly SST‐mediated monsoon air‐sea interaction.
    Description: The authors thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) institutes NIOT and INCOIS, and the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) group at WHOI for design, integration, and deployment of moorings in the BoB. The WHOI mooring was deployed from the ORV Sagar Nidhi and recovered from the ORV Sagar Kanya—we thank the officers, crew and science teams on the cruises for their support. Sengupta, Ravichandran and Sukhatme acknowledge MoES and the National Monsoon Mission, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, for support; Lucas and Farrar acknowledge the US Office of Naval Research for support of ASIRI through grants N00014‐13‐1‐0489, N0001413‐100453, N0001417‐12880. We thank S. Shivaprasad, Dipanjan Chaudhuri and Jared Buckley for discussion on ocean currents and Ekman flow, and Fabien Durand for discussion on sea level. JSL would like to thank the Divecha Center for Climate Change, IISc., for support. DS acknowledges support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, under the Indo‐Spanish Programme.
    Description: 2021-05-16
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  • 4
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    Parsing the kinetic energy budget of the ocean surface mixed layer (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zippel, S. F., Farrar, J. T., Zappa, C. J., & Plueddemann, A. J. Parsing the kinetic energy budget of the ocean surface mixed layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(2), (2022): 2021GL095920, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095920.
    Description: The total rate of work done on the ocean by the wind is of considerable interest for understanding global energy balances, as the energy from the wind drives ocean currents, grows surface waves, and forces vertical mixing. A large but unknown fraction of this atmospheric energy is dissipated by turbulence in the upper ocean. The focus of this work is twofold. First, we describe a framework for evaluating the vertically integrated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equation using measurable quantities from a surface mooring, showing the connection to the atmospheric, mean oceanic, and wave energy. Second, we use this framework to evaluate turbulent energetics in the mixed layer using 10 months of mooring data. This evaluation is made possible by recent advances in estimating TKE dissipation rates from long-enduring moorings. We find that surface fluxes are balanced by TKE dissipation rates in the mixed layer to within a factor of two.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF Award No. 2023 020, and by NASA as part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), supporting field work for SPURS-1 (NASA Grant No. NNX11AE84G), and for analysis (NASA Grant No. 80NSSC18K1494), and as part of SASSIE (NASA Grant No. 80NSSC21K0832). This work was also funded by NSF through Grant Award Nos. 1756 839, 2049546, and by ONR through Grant N000141712880 (MISO-BoB).
    Keywords: Air/sea interaction ; Turbulence ; Mixed layer ; Wind work ; Boundary layer ; Waves
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  • 5
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    Dynamic accretion beneath a slow-spreading ridge segment: IODP hole 1473A and the Atlantis Bank oceanic core complex (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 124(12), (2019): 12631-12659, doi:10.1029/2018JB016858.
    Description: 809 deep IODP Hole U1473A at Atlantis Bank, SWIR, is 2.2 km from 1,508‐m Hole 735B and 1.4 from 158‐m Hole 1105A. With mapping, it provides the first 3‐D view of the upper levels of a 660‐km2 lower crustal batholith. It is laterally and vertically zoned, representing a complex interplay of cyclic intrusion, and ongoing deformation, with kilometer‐scale upward and lateral migration of interstial melt. Transform wall dives over the gabbro‐peridotite contact found only evolved gabbro intruded directly into the mantle near the transform. There was no high‐level melt lens, rather the gabbros crystallized at depth, and then emplaced into the zone of diking by diapiric rise of a crystal mush followed by crystal‐plastic deformation and faulting. The residues to mass balance the crust to a parent melt composition lie at depth below the center of the massif—likely near the crust‐mantle boundary. Thus, basalts erupted to the seafloor from 〉1,550 mbsf. By contrast, the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge lower crust drilled at 23°N and at Atlantis Massif experienced little high‐temperature deformation and limited late‐stage melt transport. They contain primitive cumulates and represent direct intrusion, storage, and crystallization of parental MORB in thinner crust below the dike‐gabbro transition. The strong asymmetric spreading of the SWIR to the south was due to fault capture, with the northern rift valley wall faults cutoff by a detachment fault that extended across most of the zone of intrusion. This caused rapid migration of the plate boundary to the north, while the large majority of the lower crust to spread south unroofing Atlantis Bank and uplifting it into the rift mountains.
    Description: The first author wishes to also recognize grants OCE1434452 and OCE1637130 from The National Science Foundation (NSF) for synthesis of the Atlantis Bank site survey data and post‐cruise rock analysis and for analysis of Expedition 360 and 362T cores and data. Additional support was also gratefully received from The Investment in Science Fund at WHOI.
    Description: 2020-05-07
    Keywords: Lower ocean crust ; Crustal accretion ; SW Indian Ridge ; Crust‐mantle boundary ; Ocean core complex ; Ocean drilling
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  • 6
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    The impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mazzini, P. L. F., Chant, R. J., Scully, M. E., Wilkin, J., Hunter, E. J., & Nidzieko, N. J. The impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124, (2019): 7908–7925, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015259.
    Description: A 38-day long time series obtained using a combination of moored Wirewalkers equipped with conductivity-temperature-depth profilers and bottom-mounted and subsurface acoustic Doppler current profilers provided detailed high-resolution observations that resolved near-surface velocity and vertical and cross-shelf density gradients of the Chesapeake Bay plume far field. This unprecedented data set allowed for a detailed investigation of the impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume. Our results showed that thermal wind balance was a valid approximation for the cross-shelf momentum balance over the entire water column during weak winds (|𝜏w 𝑦 | 〈 0.075 Pa), and it was also valid within the interior during moderate downwelling (−0.125〈 𝜏w 𝑦 〈 −0.075 Pa). Stronger wind conditions, however, resulted in the breakdown of the thermal wind balance in the Chesapeake Bay plume, with thermal wind shear overestimating the observed shear during downwelling and underestimating during upwelling conditions. A momentum budget analysis suggests that viscous stresses from wind-generated turbulence are mainly responsible for the generation of ageostrophic shear.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant OCE 1334231. We thank Ken Roma from R/V Arabella for his incredible support in our daily cruises to survey CBP. We also thank the Crew and Captains of the R/V Sharp and R/V Savannah for their efforts in deploying and recovering the moored instrumentation. Eli Hunter was responsible for preprocessing the data and provided invaluable assistance with field work and data collection. The data used in this publication are available in an open access repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3525394) or by contacting the author.
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  • 7
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    Bioactive trace metals and their isotopes as paleoproductivity proxies: an assessment using GEOTRACES-era data (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Horner, T. J., Little, S. H., Conway, T. M., Farmer, J. R., Hertzberg, J. E., Janssen, D. J., Lough, A. J. M., McKay, J. L., Tessin, A., Galer, S. J. G., Jaccard, S. L., Lacan, F., Paytan, A., Wuttig, K., & GEOTRACES–PAGES Biological Productivity Working Group Members (2021). Bioactive trace metals and their isotopes as paleoproductivity proxies: an assessment using GEOTRACES-era data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 35(11), e2020GB006814. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006814.
    Description: Phytoplankton productivity and export sequester climatically significant quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide as particulate organic carbon through a suite of processes termed the biological pump. Constraining how the biological pump operated in the past is important for understanding past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and Earth's climate history. However, reconstructing the history of the biological pump requires proxies. Due to their intimate association with biological processes, several bioactive trace metals and their isotopes are potential proxies for past phytoplankton productivity, including iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, barium, nickel, chromium, and silver. Here, we review the oceanic distributions, driving processes, and depositional archives for these nine metals and their isotopes based on GEOTRACES-era datasets. We offer an assessment of the overall maturity of each isotope system to serve as a proxy for diagnosing aspects of past ocean productivity and identify priorities for future research. This assessment reveals that cadmium, barium, nickel, and chromium isotopes offer the most promise as tracers of paleoproductivity, whereas iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum do not. Too little is known about silver to make a confident determination. Intriguingly, the trace metals that are least sensitive to productivity may be used to track other aspects of ocean chemistry, such as nutrient sources, particle scavenging, organic complexation, and ocean redox state. These complementary sensitivities suggest new opportunities for combining perspectives from multiple proxies that will ultimately enable painting a more complete picture of marine paleoproductivity, biogeochemical cycles, and Earth's climate history.
    Description: T. J. Horner acknowledges support from NSF; S. H. Little from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P018181/1); T. M. Conway from the University of South Florida; and, J. R. Farmer from the Max Planck Society, the Tuttle Fund of the Department of Geosciences of Princeton University, the Grand Challenges Program of the Princeton Environmental Institute, and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment of Princeton University.
    Keywords: Biological pump ; Marine chemistry ; Biogeochemical cycles ; Micronutrients ; Phytoplankton ; Paleoceanography
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  • 8
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    Iron depletion in the deep chlorophyll maximum: mesoscale eddies as natural iron fertilization experiments (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hawco, N. J., Barone, B., Church, M. J., Babcock-Adams, L., Repeta, D. J., Wear, E. K., Foreman, R. K., Bjorkman, K. M., Bent, S., Van Mooy, B. A. S., Sheyn, U., DeLong, E. F., Acker, M., Kelly, R. L., Nelson, A., Ranieri, J., Clemente, T. M., Karl, D. M., & John, S. G. Iron depletion in the deep chlorophyll maximum: mesoscale eddies as natural iron fertilization experiments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 35(12), (2021): e2021GB007112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007112.
    Description: In stratified oligotrophic waters, phytoplankton communities forming the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) are isolated from atmospheric iron sources above and remineralized iron sources below. Reduced supply leads to a minimum in dissolved iron (dFe) near 100 m, but it is unclear if iron limits growth at the DCM. Here, we propose that natural iron addition events occur regularly with the passage of mesoscale eddies, which alter the supply of dFe and other nutrients relative to the availability of light, and can be used to test for iron limitation at the DCM. This framework is applied to two eddies sampled in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Observations in an anticyclonic eddy center indicated downwelling of iron-rich surface waters, leading to increased dFe at the DCM but no increase in productivity. In contrast, uplift of isopycnals within a cyclonic eddy center increased supply of both nitrate and dFe to the DCM, and led to dominance of picoeukaryotic phytoplankton. Iron addition experiments did not increase productivity in either eddy, but significant enhancement of leucine incorporation in the light was observed in the cyclonic eddy, a potential indicator of iron stress among Prochlorococcus. Rapid cycling of siderophores and low dFe:nitrate uptake ratios also indicate that a portion of the microbial community was stressed by low iron. However, near-complete nitrate drawdown in this eddy, which represents an extreme case in nutrient supply compared to nearby Hawaii Ocean Time-series observations, suggests that recycling of dFe in oligotrophic ecosystems is sufficient to avoid iron limitation in the DCM under typical conditions.
    Description: The expedition and analyses were supported by the Simons Foundation SCOPE Grant 329108 to S. G. John, M. J. Church, D. J. Repeta, B. Van Mooy, E. F. DeLong, and D. M. Karl. N. J. Hawco was supported by a Simons Foundation Marine Microbial Ecology and Evolution postdoctoral fellowship (602538) and Simons Foundation grant 823167.
    Keywords: Chlorophyll ; Photosynthesis ; Iron limitation ; Oligotrophic ; Prochlorococcus ; Eddies
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  • 9
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    Exceptional 20th century ocean circulation in the Northeast Atlantic (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Spooner, P. T., Thornalley, D. J. R., Oppo, D. W., Fox, A. D., Radionovskaya, S., Rose, N. L., Mallett, R., Cooper, E., & Roberts, J. M. Exceptional 20th century ocean circulation in the Northeast Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(10), (2020): e2020GL087577, doi:10.1029/2020GL087577.
    Description: The North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) connects tropical and high‐latitude waters, playing a leading role in deep‐water formation, propagation of Atlantic water into the Arctic, and as habitat for many ecosystems. Instrumental records spanning recent decades document significant decadal variability in SPG circulation, with associated hydrographic and ecological changes. Emerging longer‐term records provide circumstantial evidence that the North Atlantic also experienced centennial trends during the 20th century. Here, we use marine sediment records to show that there has been a long‐term change in SPG circulation during the industrial era, largely during the 20th century. Moreover, we show that the shift and late 20th century SPG configuration were unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. Recent SPG dynamics resulted in an expansion of subtropical ecosystems into new habitats and likely also altered the transport of heat to high latitudes.
    Description: We thank Janet Hope and UCL laboratory staff, colleagues who sailed on EN539, Kathryn Pietro‐Rose, Sean O'Keefe and Henry Abrams, Sara Chipperton, Tanya Monica, Laura Thrower and Kitty Green for sediment processing, Miles Irving for artwork assistance, James Rolfe for nitrogen isotope measurement, Maryline Vautravers and Michael Kucera for guidance, Arne Biastoch and Christian Mohn for discussion of VIKING20, and Chris Brierley, Meric Srokosz, and Jon Robson for comments. Funding was provided by National Science Foundation (NSF) grant OCE‐1304291 to D.W.O. and D.J.R.T., the Leverhulme Trust, National Environment Research Council (NERC) grant NE/S009736/1, and the ATLAS project to D.J.R.T. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 678760 (ATLAS). This paper reflects only the authors views and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.
    Keywords: Foraminifera ; Subpolar gyre ; North Atlantic ; Ocean circulation ; Industrial era
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  • 10
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    Understanding of contemporary regional sea-level change and the implications for the future (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Reviews of Geophysics 58(3), (2020): e2019RG000672, doi:10.1029/2019RG000672.
    Description: Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world. With improvements to the sea‐level observing system, the knowledge of regional sea‐level change has advanced dramatically in recent years. Satellite measurements coupled with in situ observations have allowed for comprehensive study and improved understanding of the diverse set of drivers that lead to variations in sea level in space and time. Despite the advances, gaps in the understanding of contemporary sea‐level change remain and inhibit the ability to predict how the relevant processes may lead to future change. These gaps arise in part due to the complexity of the linkages between the drivers of sea‐level change. Here we review the individual processes which lead to sea‐level change and then describe how they combine and vary regionally. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of understanding of the processes that cause regional sea‐level change and to identify and discuss limitations and uncertainty in our understanding of these processes. Areas where the lack of understanding or gaps in knowledge inhibit the ability to provide the needed information for comprehensive planning efforts are of particular focus. Finally, a goal of this paper is to highlight the role of the expanded sea‐level observation network—particularly as related to satellite observations—in the improved scientific understanding of the contributors to regional sea‐level change.
    Description: The research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grants 80NSSC17K0565, 80NSSC170567, 80NSSC17K0566, 80NSSC17K0564, and NNX17AB27G. A. A. acknowledges support under GRACE/GRACEFO Science Team Grant (NNH15ZDA001N‐GRACE). T. W. acknowledges support by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under the New (Early Career) Investigator Program in Earth Science (Grant: 80NSSC18K0743). C. G. P was supported by the J. Lamar Worzel Assistant Scientist Fund and the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Sea level ; Satellite observations ; Remote sensing
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