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  • 1
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    Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing permafrost (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-07
    Description: Between about 55.5 and 52 million years ago, Earth experienced a series of sudden and extreme global warming events (hyperthermals) superimposed on a long-term warming trend. The first and largest of these events, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), is characterized by a massive input of carbon, ocean acidification and an increase in global temperature of about 5 degrees C within a few thousand years. Although various explanations for the PETM have been proposed, a satisfactory model that accounts for the source, magnitude and timing of carbon release at the PETM and successive hyperthermals remains elusive. Here we use a new astronomically calibrated cyclostratigraphic record from central Italy to show that the Early Eocene hyperthermals occurred during orbits with a combination of high eccentricity and high obliquity. Corresponding climate-ecosystem-soil simulations accounting for rising concentrations of background greenhouse gases and orbital forcing show that the magnitude and timing of the PETM and subsequent hyperthermals can be explained by the orbitally triggered decomposition of soil organic carbon in circum-Arctic and Antarctic terrestrial permafrost. This massive carbon reservoir had the potential to repeatedly release thousands of petagrams (10(15) grams) of carbon to the atmosphere-ocean system, once a long-term warming threshold had been reached just before the PETM. Replenishment of permafrost soil carbon stocks following peak warming probably contributed to the rapid recovery from each event, while providing a sensitive carbon reservoir for the next hyperthermal. As background temperatures continued to rise following the PETM, the areal extent of permafrost steadily declined, resulting in an incrementally smaller available carbon pool and smaller hyperthermals at each successive orbital forcing maximum. A mechanism linking Earth's orbital properties with release of soil carbon from permafrost provides a unifying model accounting for the salient features of the hyperthermals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeConto, Robert M -- Galeotti, Simone -- Pagani, Mark -- Tracy, David -- Schaefer, Kevin -- Zhang, Tingjun -- Pollard, David -- Beerling, David J -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 4;484(7392):87-91. doi: 10.1038/nature10929.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA. deconto@geo.umass.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22481362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Calibration ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Cycle ; Ecosystem ; Feedback ; *Freezing ; Global Warming/*history ; Greenhouse Effect/*history ; History, Ancient ; Italy ; Models, Theoretical ; Seawater/chemistry ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    T-B-cell entanglement and ICOSL-driven feed-forward regulation of germinal centre reaction (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-16
    Description: The germinal centre (GC) reaction supports affinity-based B-cell competition and generates high-affinity bone-marrow plasma cells (BMPCs). How follicular T-helper (TFH) cells regulate GC selection is not clear. Using competitive mixed chimaera, we show here that, beyond the role in promoting TFH development, ICOSL (inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand, also known as ICOSLG) is important for individual B cells to competitively participate in the GC reaction and to develop into BMPCs. Using intravital imaging aided by a calcium reporter, we further show that ICOSL promotes an 'entangled' mode of TFH-B-cell interactions, characterized by brief but extensive surface engagement, productive T-cell calcium spikes, and B-cell acquisition of CD40 signals. Reiterated entanglement promotes outer-zone co-localization of outcompeting GC B cells together with TFH cells, affording the former increased access to T-cell help. ICOSL on GC B cells is upregulated by CD40 signals. Such an intercellular positive feedback between contact-dependent help and ICOSL-controlled entanglement promotes positive selection and BMPC development, as evidenced by observations that higher-affinity B-cell receptor variants are enriched in the ICOSL(high) fraction, that numerically disadvantaged ICOSL-deficient GC B cells or BMPCs exhibit strong affinity compensation in competitive chimaera, and that when GC competition proceeds without ICOSL, selection of high-affinity variants in otherwise normal GC reactions is impaired. By demonstrating entanglement as the basic form of GC TFH-B-cell interactions, identifying ICOSL as a molecular linkage between T-B interactional dynamics and positive selection for high-affinity BMPC formation, our study reveals a pathway by which TFH cells control the quality of long-lived humoral immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Dan -- Xu, Heping -- Shih, Changming -- Wan, Zurong -- Ma, Xiaopeng -- Ma, Weiwei -- Luo, Dan -- Qi, Hai -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):214-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13803. Epub 2014 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China. ; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25317561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Formation ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism/secretion ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/immunology ; Feedback ; Germinal Center/*cytology/*immunology ; Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Plasma Cells/cytology/immunology/secretion ; Signal Transduction/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    An Arabidopsis gene regulatory network for secondary cell wall synthesis (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: The plant cell wall is an important factor for determining cell shape, function and response to the environment. Secondary cell walls, such as those found in xylem, are composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and account for the bulk of plant biomass. The coordination between transcriptional regulation of synthesis for each polymer is complex and vital to cell function. A regulatory hierarchy of developmental switches has been proposed, although the full complement of regulators remains unknown. Here we present a protein-DNA network between Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and secondary cell wall metabolic genes with gene expression regulated by a series of feed-forward loops. This model allowed us to develop and validate new hypotheses about secondary wall gene regulation under abiotic stress. Distinct stresses are able to perturb targeted genes to potentially promote functional adaptation. These interactions will serve as a foundation for understanding the regulation of a complex, integral plant component.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333722/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333722/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor-Teeples, M -- Lin, L -- de Lucas, M -- Turco, G -- Toal, T W -- Gaudinier, A -- Young, N F -- Trabucco, G M -- Veling, M T -- Lamothe, R -- Handakumbura, P P -- Xiong, G -- Wang, C -- Corwin, J -- Tsoukalas, A -- Zhang, L -- Ware, D -- Pauly, M -- Kliebenstein, D J -- Dehesh, K -- Tagkopoulos, I -- Breton, G -- Pruneda-Paz, J L -- Ahnert, S E -- Kay, S A -- Hazen, S P -- Brady, S M -- R01 GM056006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM107311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM056006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM107311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R25 GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 GM092412/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2GM092412/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):571-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14099. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA [2] Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. ; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; 1] Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. ; 1] Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA [2] US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. ; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Wall/*metabolism ; DNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; E2F Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Feedback ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; Iron/deficiency ; Organ Specificity ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salinity ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Xylem/genetics/growth & development/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Probabilistic forecast for twenty-first-century climate based on uncertainties in emissions (without policy) and climate parameters (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 22 (2009): 5175–5204, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2863.1.
    Description: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model is used to make probabilistic projections of climate change from 1861 to 2100. Since the model’s first projections were published in 2003, substantial improvements have been made to the model, and improved estimates of the probability distributions of uncertain input parameters have become available. The new projections are considerably warmer than the 2003 projections; for example, the median surface warming in 2091–2100 is 5.1°C compared to 2.4°C in the earlier study. Many changes contribute to the stronger warming; among the more important ones are taking into account the cooling in the second half of the twentieth century due to volcanic eruptions for input parameter estimation and a more sophisticated method for projecting gross domestic product (GDP) growth, which eliminated many low-emission scenarios. However, if recently published data, suggesting stronger twentieth-century ocean warming, are used to determine the input climate parameters, the median projected warming at the end of the twenty-first century is only 4.1°C. Nevertheless, all ensembles of the simulations discussed here produce a much smaller probability of warming less than 2.4°C than implied by the lower bound of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) projected likely range for the A1FI scenario, which has forcing very similar to the median projection in this study. The probability distribution for the surface warming produced by this analysis is more symmetric than the distribution assumed by the IPCC because of a different feedback between the climate and the carbon cycle, resulting from the inclusion in this model of the carbon–nitrogen interaction in the terrestrial ecosystem.
    Description: This work was supported in part by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy Grants DE-FG02-94ER61937 and DE-FG02-93ER61677, and by the industrial and foundations sponsors of The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change (http://globalchange.mit.edu/sponsors/ current.html).
    Keywords: Probability forecasts/models ; Climate prediction ; Anthropogenic effects ; Numerical analysis/modeling ; Feedback
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Corrigendum (2010)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 23 (2010): 2230–2231, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3566.1.
    Description: Corrigendum: Sokolov, A., and Coauthors, 2009: Probabilistic forecast for twenty-first-century climate based on uncertainties in emissions (without policy) and climate parameters. J. Climate, 22, 5175–5204.
    Keywords: Probability forecasts/models ; Climate prediction ; Anthropogenic effects ; Numerical analysis/modeling ; Feedback
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-07
    Description: Vegetation affects precipitation patterns by mediating moisture, energy and trace-gas fluxes between the surface and atmosphere. When forests are replaced by pasture or crops, evapotranspiration of moisture from soil and vegetation is often diminished, leading to reduced atmospheric humidity and potentially suppressing precipitation. Climate models predict that large-scale tropical deforestation causes reduced regional precipitation, although the magnitude of the effect is model and resolution dependent. In contrast, observational studies have linked deforestation to increased precipitation locally but have been unable to explore the impact of large-scale deforestation. Here we use satellite remote-sensing data of tropical precipitation and vegetation, combined with simulated atmospheric transport patterns, to assess the pan-tropical effect of forests on tropical rainfall. We find that for more than 60 per cent of the tropical land surface (latitudes 30 degrees south to 30 degrees north), air that has passed over extensive vegetation in the preceding few days produces at least twice as much rain as air that has passed over little vegetation. We demonstrate that this empirical correlation is consistent with evapotranspiration maintaining atmospheric moisture in air that passes over extensive vegetation. We combine these empirical relationships with current trends of Amazonian deforestation to estimate reductions of 12 and 21 per cent in wet-season and dry-season precipitation respectively across the Amazon basin by 2050, due to less-efficient moisture recycling. Our observation-based results complement similar estimates from climate models, in which the physical mechanisms and feedbacks at work could be explored in more detail.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spracklen, D V -- Arnold, S R -- Taylor, C M -- England -- Nature. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):282-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. d.v.spracklen@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air/*analysis ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Brazil ; Feedback ; Forestry ; Humidity ; *Rain ; Seasons ; Steam/analysis ; Trees/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Cognitive illusions of authorship reveal hierarchical error detection in skilled typists (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-30
    Description: The ability to detect errors is an essential component of cognitive control. Studies of error detection in humans typically use simple tasks and propose single-process theories of detection. We examined error detection by skilled typists and found illusions of authorship that provide evidence for two error-detection processes. We corrected errors that typists made and inserted errors in correct responses. When asked to report errors, typists took credit for corrected errors and accepted blame for inserted errors, claiming authorship for the appearance of the screen. However, their typing rate showed no evidence of these illusions, slowing down after corrected errors but not after inserted errors. This dissociation suggests two error-detection processes: one sensitive to the appearance of the screen and the other sensitive to keystrokes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Logan, Gordon D -- Crump, Matthew J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):683-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA. gordon.logan@vanderbilt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cognition ; *Computer Peripherals ; Feedback ; Humans ; Illusions ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Task Performance and Analysis ; *Writing
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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