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  • 1
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    The transpolar drift as a source of riverine and shelf-derived trace elements to the central Arctic Ocean (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(5), (2020): e2019JC015920, doi:10.1029/2019JC015920.
    Description: A major surface circulation feature of the Arctic Ocean is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), a current that transports river‐influenced shelf water from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas toward the center of the basin and Fram Strait. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program included a high‐resolution pan‐Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). The cruises bisected the TPD at two locations in the central basin, which were defined by maxima in meteoric water and dissolved organic carbon concentrations that spanned 600 km horizontally and ~25–50 m vertically. Dissolved TEIs such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Hg, Nd, and Th, which are generally particle‐reactive but can be complexed by organic matter, were observed at concentrations much higher than expected for the open ocean setting. Other trace element concentrations such as Al, V, Ga, and Pb were lower than expected due to scavenging over the productive East Siberian and Laptev shelf seas. Using a combination of radionuclide tracers and ice drift modeling, the transport rate for the core of the TPD was estimated at 0.9 ± 0.4 Sv (106 m3 s−1). This rate was used to derive the mass flux for TEIs that were enriched in the TPD, revealing the importance of lateral transport in supplying materials beneath the ice to the central Arctic Ocean and potentially to the North Atlantic Ocean via Fram Strait. Continued intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost degradation will likely lead to an increase in the flux of TEIs into the Arctic Ocean.
    Description: Funding for Arctic GEOTRACES was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Swedish Research Council Formas, French Agence Nationale de la Recherche and LabexMER, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and Independent Research Fund Denmark. Data from GEOTRACES cruises GN01 (HLY1502) and GN04 (PS94) have been archived at the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO‐DMO); https://www.bco-dmo.org/deployment/638807) and PANGAEA (https://www.pangaea.de/?q=PS94&f.campaign%5B%5D=PS94) websites, respectively. The inorganic carbon data are available at the NOAA Ocean Carbon Data System (OCADS; doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.CLIVAR_ARC01_33HQ20150809).
    Description: 2020-10-08
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Transpolar Drift ; trace elements ; carbon ; nutrients ; GEOTRACES]
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Faktorova, D., Nisbet, R. E. R., Robledo, J. A. F., Casacuberta, E., Sudek, L., Allen, A. E., Ares, M., Jr., Areste, C., Balestreri, C., Barbrook, A. C., Beardslee, P., Bender, S., Booth, D. S., Bouget, F., Bowler, C., Breglia, S. A., Brownlee, C., Burger, G., Cerutti, H., Cesaroni, R., Chiurillo, M. A., Clemente, T., Coles, D. B., Collier, J. L., Cooney, E. C., Coyne, K., Docampo, R., Dupont, C. L., Edgcomb, V., Einarsson, E., Elustondo, P. A., Federici, F., Freire-Beneitez, V., Freyria, N. J., Fukuda, K., Garcia, P. A., Girguis, P. R., Gomaa, F., Gornik, S. G., Guo, J., Hampl, V., Hanawa, Y., Haro-Contreras, E. R., Hehenberger, E., Highfield, A., Hirakawa, Y., Hopes, A., Howe, C. J., Hu, I., Ibanez, J., Irwin, N. A. T., Ishii, Y., Janowicz, N. E., Jones, A. C., Kachale, A., Fujimura-Kamada, K., Kaur, B., Kaye, J. Z., Kazana, E., Keeling, P. J., King, N., Klobutcher, L. A., Lander, N., Lassadi, I., Li, Z., Lin, S., Lozano, J., Luan, F., Maruyama, S., Matute, T., Miceli, C., Minagawa, J., Moosburner, M., Najle, S. R., Nanjappa, D., Nimmo, I. C., Noble, L., Vanclova, A. M. G. N., Nowacki, M., Nunez, I., Pain, A., Piersanti, A., Pucciarelli, S., Pyrih, J., Rest, J. S., Rius, M., Robertson, D., Ruaud, A., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Sigg, M. A., Silver, P. A., Slamovits, C. H., Smith, G. J., Sprecher, B. N., Stern, R., Swart, E. C., Tsaousis, A. D., Tsypin, L., Turkewitz, A., Turnsek, J., Valach, M., Verge, V., von Dassow, P., von der Haar, T., Waller, R. F., Wang, L., Wen, X., Wheeler, G., Woods, A., Zhang, H., Mock, T., Worden, A. Z., & Lukes, J. Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology. Nature Methods, 17, (2020): 481-494, doi:10.1038/s41592-020-0796-x.
    Description: Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways.
    Description: We thank M. Salisbury and D. Lacono, C. Poirier, M. Hamilton, C. Eckmann, H. Igel, C. Yung and K. Hoadley for assistance; V.K. Nagarajan, M. Accerbi and P.J. Green who carried out Agrobacterium studies in Heterosigma akashiwo, and N. Kraeva, C. Bianchi and V. Yurchenko for the help with designing the p57-V5+NeoR construct. We are also grateful to the protocols.io team (L. Teytelman and A. Broellochs) for their support. This collaborative effort was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation EMS Program of the Marine Microbiology Initiative (grant nos. GBMF4972 and 4972.01 to F.-Y.B.; GBMF4970 and 4970.01 to M.A. and A.Z.W.; GBMF3788 to A.Z.W.; GBMF 4968 and 4968.01 to H.C.; GBMF4984 to V.H.; GBMF4974 and 4974.01 to C. Brownlee; GBMF4964 to Y. Hirakawa; GBMF4961 to T. Mock; GBMF4958 to P.S.; GBMF4957 to A.T.; GBMF4960 to G.J.S.; GBMF4979 to K.C.; GBMF4982 and 4982.01 to J.L.C.; GBMF4964 to P.J.K.; GBMF4981 to P.v.D.; GBMF5006 to A.E.A.; GBMF4986 to C.M.; GBMF4962 to J.A.F.R.; GBMF4980 and 4980.01 to S.L.; GBMF 4977 and 4977.01 to R.F.W.; GBMF4962.01 to C.H.S.; GBMF4985 to J.M.; GBMF4976 and 4976.01 to C.H.; GBMF4963 and 4963.01 to V.E.; GBMF5007 to C.L.D.; GBMF4983 and 4983.01 to J.L.; GBMF4975 and 4975.01 to A.D.T.; GBMF4973 and 4973.01 to I.R.-T. and GBMF4965 to N.K.), by The Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2017-364) to T. Mock and A. Hopes, and by ERD funds (16_019/0000759) from the Czech Ministry of Education to J.L.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Argo data 1999-2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats. (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wong, A. P. S., Wijffels, S. E., Riser, S. C., Pouliquen, S., Hosoda, S., Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Johnson, G. C., Martini, K., Murphy, D. J., Scanderbeg, M., Bhaskar, T. V. S. U., Buck, J. J. H., Merceur, F., Carval, T., Maze, G., Cabanes, C., Andre, X., Poffa, N., Yashayaev, I., Barker, P. M., Guinehut, S., Belbeoch, M., Ignaszewski, M., Baringer, M. O., Schmid, C., Lyman, J. M., McTaggart, K. E., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N., Alkire, M. B., Swift, D., Owens, W. B., Jayne, S. R., Hersh, C., Robbins, P., West-Mack, D., Bahr, F., Yoshida, S., Sutton, P. J. H., Cancouet, R., Coatanoan, C., Dobbler, D., Juan, A. G., Gourrion, J., Kolodziejczyk, N., Bernard, V., Bourles, B., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Le Reste, S., Le Traon, P., Rannou, J., Saout-Grit, C., Speich, S., Thierry, V., Verbrugge, N., Angel-Benavides, I. M., Klein, B., Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P., Velez-Belchi, P., Suga, T., Ando, K., Iwasaska, N., Kobayashi, T., Masuda, S., Oka, E., Sato, K., Nakamura, T., Sato, K., Takatsuki, Y., Yoshida, T., Cowley, R., Lovell, J. L., Oke, P. R., van Wijk, E. M., Carse, F., Donnelly, M., Gould, W. J., Gowers, K., King, B. A., Loch, S. G., Mowat, M., Turton, J., Rama Rao, E. P., Ravichandran, M., Freeland, H. J., Gaboury, I., Gilbert, D., Greenan, B. J. W., Ouellet, M., Ross, T., Tran, A., Dong, M., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Kang, K., Jo, H., Kim, S., & Park, H. Argo data 1999-2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 700, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00700.
    Description: In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.
    Description: AW, SR, and other scientists at the University of Washington (UW) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320063 to the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) at the UW. SW and other scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA19OAR4320074 (CINAR/WHOI Argo). The Scripps Institution of Oceanography's role in Argo was supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320071 (CIMEC). Euro-Argo scientists were supported by the Monitoring the Oceans and Climate Change with Argo (MOCCA) project, under the Grant Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.1/SI2.709624 for the European Commission.
    Keywords: global ; ocean ; pressure ; temperature ; salinity ; Argo ; profiling ; floats
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  • 4
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    Seasonal-to-interannual prediction of North American coastal marine ecosystems: forecast methods, mechanisms of predictability, and priority developments (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jacox, M. G., Alexander, M. A., Siedlecki, S., Chen, K., Kwon, Y., Brodie, S., Ortiz, I., Tommasi, D., Widlansky, M. J., Barrie, D., Capotondi, A., Cheng, W., Di Lorenzo, E., Edwards, C., Fiechter, J., Fratantoni, P., Hazen, E. L., Hermann, A. J., Kumar, A., Miller, A. J., Pirhalla, D., Buil, M. P., Ray, S., Sheridan, S. C., Subramanian, A., Thompson, P., Thorne, L., Annamalai, H., Aydin, K., Bograd, S. J., Griffis, R. B., Kearney, K., Kim, H., Mariotti, A., Merrifield, M., & Rykaczewski, R. Seasonal-to-interannual prediction of North American coastal marine ecosystems: forecast methods, mechanisms of predictability, and priority developments. Progress in Oceanography, 183, (2020): 102307, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102307.
    Description: Marine ecosystem forecasting is an area of active research and rapid development. Promise has been shown for skillful prediction of physical, biogeochemical, and ecological variables on a range of timescales, suggesting potential for forecasts to aid in the management of living marine resources and coastal communities. However, the mechanisms underlying forecast skill in marine ecosystems are often poorly understood, and many forecasts, especially for biological variables, rely on empirical statistical relationships developed from historical observations. Here, we review statistical and dynamical marine ecosystem forecasting methods and highlight examples of their application along U.S. coastlines for seasonal-to-interannual (1–24 month) prediction of properties ranging from coastal sea level to marine top predator distributions. We then describe known mechanisms governing marine ecosystem predictability and how they have been used in forecasts to date. These mechanisms include physical atmospheric and oceanic processes, biogeochemical and ecological responses to physical forcing, and intrinsic characteristics of species themselves. In reviewing the state of the knowledge on forecasting techniques and mechanisms underlying marine ecosystem predictability, we aim to facilitate forecast development and uptake by (i) identifying methods and processes that can be exploited for development of skillful regional forecasts, (ii) informing priorities for forecast development and verification, and (iii) improving understanding of conditional forecast skill (i.e., a priori knowledge of whether a forecast is likely to be skillful). While we focus primarily on coastal marine ecosystems surrounding North America (and the U.S. in particular), we detail forecast methods, physical and biological mechanisms, and priority developments that are globally relevant.
    Description: This study was supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office’s Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections (MAPP) program through grants NA17OAR4310108, NA17OAR4310112, NA17OAR4310111, NA17OAR4310110, NA17OAR4310109, NA17OAR4310104, NA17OAR4310106, and NA17OAR4310113. This paper is a product of the NOAA/MAPP Marine Prediction Task Force.
    Keywords: Prediction ; Predictability ; Forecast ; Ecological forecast ; Mechanism ; Seasonal ; Interannual ; Large marine ecosystem
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  • 5
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    Radiometric approach for the detection of picophytoplankton assemblages across oceanic fronts (2020)
    OPTICAL SOC AMER
    In:  EPIC3Optics Express, OPTICAL SOC AMER, 28(18), pp. 25682-25705, ISSN: 1094-4087
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-12
    Description: Cell abundances of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and autotrophic picoeukaryotes were estimated in surface waters using principal component analysis (PCA) of hyperspectral and multispectral remote-sensing reflectance data. This involved the development of models that employed multilinear correlations between cell abundances across the Atlantic Ocean and a combination of PCA scores and sea surface temperatures. The models retrieve high Prochlorococcus abundances in the Equatorial Convergence Zone and show their numerical dominance in oceanic gyres, with decreases in Prochlorococcus abundances towards temperate waters where Synechococcus flourishes, and an emergence of picoeukaryotes in temperate waters. Fine-scale in-situ sampling across ocean fronts provided a large dynamic range of measurements for the training dataset, which resulted in the successful detection of fine-scale Synechococcus patches. Satellite implementation of the models showed good performance (R2 〉 0.50) when validated against in-situ data from six Atlantic Meridional Transect cruises. The improved relative performance of the hyperspectral models highlights the importance of future high spectral resolution satellite instruments, such as the NASA PACE mission’s Ocean Color Instrument, to extend our spatiotemporal knowledge about ecologically relevant phytoplankton assemblages.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    A novel method for the extraction, purification, and characterization of noble gases in produced fluids (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems XX (2019): Tyne, R. L., Barry, P. H., Hillegonds, D. J., Hunt, A. G., Kulongoski, J. T., Stephens, M. J., Byrne, D. J., & Ballentine, C. J. A novel method for the extraction, purification, and characterization of noble gases in produced fluids. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 20, (2019): 5588-5597, doi: 10.1029/2019GC008552.
    Description: Hydrocarbon systems with declining or viscous oil production are often stimulated using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, such as the injection of water, steam, and CO2, in order to increase oil and gas production. As EOR and other methods of enhancing production such as hydraulic fracturing have become more prevalent, environmental concerns about the impact of both new and historical hydrocarbon production on overlying shallow aquifers have increased. Noble gas isotopes are powerful tracers of subsurface fluid provenance and can be used to understand the impact of EOR on hydrocarbon systems and potentially overlying aquifers. In oil systems, produced fluids can consist of a mixture of oil, water and gas. Noble gases are typically measured in the gas phase; however, it is not always possible to collect gases and therefore produced fluids (which are water, oil, and gas mixtures) must be analyzed. We outline a new technique to separate and analyze noble gases in multiphase hydrocarbon‐associated fluid samples. An offline double capillary method has been developed to quantitatively isolate noble gases into a transfer vessel, while effectively removing all water, oil, and less volatile hydrocarbons. The gases are then cleaned and analyzed using standard techniques. Air‐saturated water reference materials (n = 24) were analyzed and results show a method reproducibility of 2.9% for 4He, 3.8% for 20Ne, 4.5% for 36Ar, 5 .3% for 84Kr, and 5.7% for 132Xe. This new technique was used to measure the noble gas isotopic compositions in six produced fluid samples from the Fruitvale Oil Field, Bakersfield, California.
    Description: This work was supported by a Natural Environment Research Council studentship to R. L. Tyne (grant NE/L002612/1) and the USGS (grant 15‐080‐250), as part of the California State Water Resource Control Board's, Oil and Gas Regional Groundwater Monitoring Program (RMP). Data can be accessed in Tables 1 and 2 and in the data release from Gannon et al. (2018). We thank the owners and operators at the Fruitvale Oil Field for access to wells. We thank Stuart Gilfillan and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive reviews as well as Marie Edmonds for editorial handling. We also thank Matthew Landon and Myles Moor from the USGS who provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Any use of trade, firm or product names are for descriptive purposes only and do not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    Description: 2020-04-14
    Keywords: Noble Gas ; Methods ; Produced Fluids
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  • 7
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    210Po and 210Pb distributions during a phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic: Implications for POC export (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Horowitz, E. J., Cochran, J. K., Bacon, M. P., & Hirschberg, D. J. 210Po and 210Pb distributions during a phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic: implications for POC export. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 164, (2020): 103339, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103339.
    Description: During the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE) of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), water column sampling for particulate and dissolved 210Po and 210Pb was performed four times (26 April and 4, 20, 30 May 1989) during a month-long Lagrangian time-series occupation of the NABE site, as well as one-time samplings at stations during transit to and from the site. There are few prior studies documenting short-term changes in 210Po and 210Pb profiles over the course of a phytoplankton bloom, and we interpret the profiles in terms of the classical “steady-state” (SS) approach used in most studies, as well as by using a non-steady state approach suggested by the temporal evolution of the profiles. Changes in 210Po profiles during a bloom are expectable as this radionuclide is scavenged and exported. During NABE, 210Pb profiles also displayed non-steady state, with significant increases in upper water column inventory occurring midway through the experiment. Export of 210Po from the upper 150 m using the classic “steady-state” model shows increases from 0.5 ± 8.5 dpm m−2 d−1 to 68.2 ± 4.2 dpm m−2 d−1 over the ~one-month occupation. Application of a non-steady state model, including changes in both 210Pb and 210Po profiles, gives higher 210Po export fluxes. Detailed depth profiles of particulate organic carbon (〉0.8 μm) and particulate 210Po (〉0.4 μm) are available from the 20 and 30 May samplings and show maxima in POC/Po at ~37 m. Applying the POC/210Po ratios at 150 m to the “steady state” 210Po fluxes yields POC export from the upper 150 m of 8.2 ± 1.5 mmol C m− 2 d−1 on 20 May and 6.0 ± 1.6 mmol C m−2 d−1 on 30 May. The non-steady state model applied to the interval 20 to 30 May yields POC export of 24.3 mmol C m−2 d−1. The non-steady state (NSS) 210Po-derived POC fluxes are comparable to, but somewhat less than, those estimated previously from 234Th/238U disequilibrium for the same time interval (37.3 and 45.0 mmol m−2 d−1, depending on the POC/Th ratio used). In comparison, POC fluxes measured with a floating sediment trap deployed at 150 m from 20 to 30 May were 11.6 mmol m−2 d−1. These results suggest that non-steady state Po-derived POC fluxes during the NABE agree well with those derived from 234Th/238U disequilibrium and agree with sediment trap fluxes within a factor of ~2. However, unlike the 234Th-POC flux proxy, non-steady stage changes in profiles of 210Pb, the precursor of 210Po, must be considered.
    Description: We are grateful to T. Hammar and A. Fleer (WHOI) for assistance at sea and in the laboratory. This work was supported originally by National Science Foundation (United States) grant OCE-8819544 to JKC and more recently by OCE-1736591. We thank Stephen Thurston (American Museum of Natural History) for graphics assistance Robert Aller, Steven Beaupre, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments.
    Keywords: Polonium-210 ; Lead-210 ; 210Po ; 210Pb ; North Atlantic ; Spring bloom ; POC flux
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  • 8
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    Efficient preservation of young terrestrial organic carbon in sandy turbidity-current deposits (2020)
    Hage, S., Galy, V. V., Cartigny, M. J. B., Acikalin, S., Clare, M. A., Grocke, D. R., Hilton, R. G., Hunt, J. E., Lintern, D. G., McGhee, C. A., Parsons, D. R., Stacey, C. D., Sumner, E. J., & Talling, P. J. (2020). Efficient preservation of young terrestrial organic carbon in sandy turbidity-current deposits. Geology, 48(9), 882-887.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hage, S., Galy, V. V., Cartigny, M. J. B., Acikalin, S., Clare, M. A., Grocke, D. R., Hilton, R. G., Hunt, J. E., Lintern, D. G., McGhee, C. A., Parsons, D. R., Stacey, C. D., Sumner, E. J., & Talling, P. J. Efficient preservation of young terrestrial organic carbon in sandy turbidity-current deposits. Geology, 48(9), (2020): 882-887, doi:10.1130/G47320.1.
    Description: Burial of terrestrial biospheric particulate organic carbon in marine sediments removes CO2 from the atmosphere, regulating climate over geologic time scales. Rivers deliver terrestrial organic carbon to the sea, while turbidity currents transport river sediment further offshore. Previous studies have suggested that most organic carbon resides in muddy marine sediment. However, turbidity currents can carry a significant component of coarser sediment, which is commonly assumed to be organic carbon poor. Here, using data from a Canadian fjord, we show that young woody debris can be rapidly buried in sandy layers of turbidity current deposits (turbidites). These layers have organic carbon contents 10× higher than the overlying mud layer, and overall, woody debris makes up 〉70% of the organic carbon preserved in the deposits. Burial of woody debris in sands overlain by mud caps reduces their exposure to oxygen, increasing organic carbon burial efficiency. Sandy turbidity current channels are common in fjords and the deep sea; hence we suggest that previous global organic carbon burial budgets may have been underestimated.
    Description: We thank C. Johnson, M. Lardie, A. Gagnon, A. McNichol, and the NOSAMS (National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) team (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [WHOI], Massachusetts, USA) for their help with ramped oxidation system and isotopes. We thank the captain and crew of CCGS Vector. Support was provided by UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grants NE/M007138/1 (to Cartigny) and NE/L013142/1 (to Talling), NE/P005780/1 and NE/P009190/1 (to Clare); a Royal Society Research Fellowship (to Cartigny); an International Association of Sedimentologists Postgraduate Grant and National Oceanography Centre Southampton–WHOI exchange program funds (to Hage); an independent study award from WHOI (to Galy); the Climate Linked Atlantic Sector Science (CLASS) program (NERC grant NE/R015953/1); and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant 725955, to Parsons). We thank François Baudin, Xingqian Cui, editor James Schmitt, and three anonymous reviewers.
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  • 9
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    Dynamic accretion beneath a slow-spreading ridge segment: IODP hole 1473A and the Atlantis Bank oceanic core complex (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 124(12), (2019): 12631-12659, doi:10.1029/2018JB016858.
    Description: 809 deep IODP Hole U1473A at Atlantis Bank, SWIR, is 2.2 km from 1,508‐m Hole 735B and 1.4 from 158‐m Hole 1105A. With mapping, it provides the first 3‐D view of the upper levels of a 660‐km2 lower crustal batholith. It is laterally and vertically zoned, representing a complex interplay of cyclic intrusion, and ongoing deformation, with kilometer‐scale upward and lateral migration of interstial melt. Transform wall dives over the gabbro‐peridotite contact found only evolved gabbro intruded directly into the mantle near the transform. There was no high‐level melt lens, rather the gabbros crystallized at depth, and then emplaced into the zone of diking by diapiric rise of a crystal mush followed by crystal‐plastic deformation and faulting. The residues to mass balance the crust to a parent melt composition lie at depth below the center of the massif—likely near the crust‐mantle boundary. Thus, basalts erupted to the seafloor from 〉1,550 mbsf. By contrast, the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge lower crust drilled at 23°N and at Atlantis Massif experienced little high‐temperature deformation and limited late‐stage melt transport. They contain primitive cumulates and represent direct intrusion, storage, and crystallization of parental MORB in thinner crust below the dike‐gabbro transition. The strong asymmetric spreading of the SWIR to the south was due to fault capture, with the northern rift valley wall faults cutoff by a detachment fault that extended across most of the zone of intrusion. This caused rapid migration of the plate boundary to the north, while the large majority of the lower crust to spread south unroofing Atlantis Bank and uplifting it into the rift mountains.
    Description: The first author wishes to also recognize grants OCE1434452 and OCE1637130 from The National Science Foundation (NSF) for synthesis of the Atlantis Bank site survey data and post‐cruise rock analysis and for analysis of Expedition 360 and 362T cores and data. Additional support was also gratefully received from The Investment in Science Fund at WHOI.
    Description: 2020-05-07
    Keywords: Lower ocean crust ; Crustal accretion ; SW Indian Ridge ; Crust‐mantle boundary ; Ocean core complex ; Ocean drilling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    The impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mazzini, P. L. F., Chant, R. J., Scully, M. E., Wilkin, J., Hunter, E. J., & Nidzieko, N. J. The impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124, (2019): 7908–7925, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015259.
    Description: A 38-day long time series obtained using a combination of moored Wirewalkers equipped with conductivity-temperature-depth profilers and bottom-mounted and subsurface acoustic Doppler current profilers provided detailed high-resolution observations that resolved near-surface velocity and vertical and cross-shelf density gradients of the Chesapeake Bay plume far field. This unprecedented data set allowed for a detailed investigation of the impact of wind forcing on the thermal wind shear of a river plume. Our results showed that thermal wind balance was a valid approximation for the cross-shelf momentum balance over the entire water column during weak winds (|𝜏w 𝑦 | 〈 0.075 Pa), and it was also valid within the interior during moderate downwelling (−0.125〈 𝜏w 𝑦 〈 −0.075 Pa). Stronger wind conditions, however, resulted in the breakdown of the thermal wind balance in the Chesapeake Bay plume, with thermal wind shear overestimating the observed shear during downwelling and underestimating during upwelling conditions. A momentum budget analysis suggests that viscous stresses from wind-generated turbulence are mainly responsible for the generation of ageostrophic shear.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant OCE 1334231. We thank Ken Roma from R/V Arabella for his incredible support in our daily cruises to survey CBP. We also thank the Crew and Captains of the R/V Sharp and R/V Savannah for their efforts in deploying and recovering the moored instrumentation. Eli Hunter was responsible for preprocessing the data and provided invaluable assistance with field work and data collection. The data used in this publication are available in an open access repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3525394) or by contacting the author.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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