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  • 11
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    Microbial Habitability in Gale Crater: Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Detection of Microbial Essential Carbon and Nitrogen (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Chemical analyses of Mars soils and sediments from previous landed missions have demonstrated that Mars surface materials possessed major (e.g., P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and minor (e.g., Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cl) elements essential to support microbial life. However, the detection of microbial essential organic-carbon (C) and nitrate have been more elusive until the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover mission. Nitrate and organic-C in Gale Crater, Mars have been detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument onboard the MSL Curiosity rover. Eolian fines and drilled sedimentary rock samples were heated in the SAM oven from approximately 30 to 860 degrees Centigrade where evolved gases (e.g., nitrous oxide (NO) and CO2) were released and analyzed by SAMs quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS). The temperatures of evolved NO was assigned to nitrate while evolved CO2 was assigned to organic-C and carbonate. The CO2 releases in several samples occurred below 450 degrees Centigrade suggesting organic-C dominated in those samples. As much as 7 micromoles NO3-N per gram and 200 micromoles CO2-C per gram have been detected in the Gale Crater materials. These N and C levels coupled with assumed microbial biomass (9 x 10 (sup -7) micrograms per cell) C (0.5 micrograms C per micrograms cell) and N (0.14 micrograms N per micrograms cell) requirements, suggests that less than 1 percent and less than 10 percent of Gale Crater C and N, respectively, would be required if available, to accommodate biomass requirements of 1 by 10 (sup 5) cells per gram sediment. While nitrogen is the limiting nutrient, the potential exists that sufficient N and organic-C were present to support limited heterotrophic microbial populations that may have existed on ancient Mars.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Exobiology
    Type: JSC-CN-37399 , 2016 Annual Meeting American Society of Agronomy (ASA); Nov 06, 2016 - Nov 09, 2016; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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  • 12
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    In Situ Measurement of Atmospheric Krypton and Xenon on Mars with Mars Science Laboratory (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Mars Science Laboratorys Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) investigation has measured all of the stable isotopes of the heavy noble gases krypton and xenon in the martian atmosphere, in situ, from the Curiosity Rover at Gale Crater, Mars. Previous knowledge of martian atmospheric krypton and xenon isotope ratios has been based upon a combination of the Viking missions krypton and xenon detections and measurements of noble gas isotope ratios in martian meteorites. However, the meteorite measurements reveal an impure mixture of atmospheric, mantle, and spallation contributions. The xenon and krypton isotopic measurements reported here include the complete set of stable isotopes, unmeasured by Viking. The new results generally agree with Mars meteorite measurements but also provide a unique opportunity to identify various non-atmospheric heavy noble gas components in the meteorites. Kr isotopic measurements define a solar-like atmospheric composition, but deviating from the solar wind pattern at 80Kr and 82Kr in a manner consistent with contributions originating from neutron capture in Br. The Xe measurements suggest an intriguing possibility that isotopes lighter than 132Xe have been enriched to varying degrees by spallation and neutron capture products degassed to the atmosphere from the regolith, and a model is constructed to explore this possibility. Such a spallation component, however, is not apparent in atmospheric Xe trapped in the glassy phases of martian meteorites.
    Keywords: Solar Physics; Statistics and Probability; Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40582 , Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 454; 1-9
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  • 13
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    Investigating the Origin and Evolution of Venus with in Situ Mass Spectrometry (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The exploration of Venus continues to be a top priority of planetary science. The Planetary Decadal Survey goals for inner-planet exploration seek to discern the origin and diversity of terrestrial planets, understand how the evolution of terrestrial planets relates to the evolution of life, and explore the processes that control climate on Earth-like planets. These goals can only be realized through continued and extensive exploration of Venus, the most mysterious of the terrestrial planets, remarkably different from the Earth despite the gross similarities between these "twin planets". It is unknown if this apparent divergence was intrinsic, programmed during accretion from distinct nebular reservoirs, or a consequence of either measured or catastrophic processes during planetary evolution. Even if the atmosphere of Venus is a more "recent" development, its relationship to the resurfacing of the planet's enigmatic surface is not well understood. Resolving such uncertainties directly addresses the hypothesis of a more clement, possibly water-rich era in Venus' past as well as whether Earth could become more Venus-like in the future.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN30722 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 21, 2016 - Mar 25, 2016; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 14
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    Saturn PRobe Interior and aTmosphere Explorer (SPRITE) (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Vision and Voyages Planetary Decadal Survey identified a Saturn Probe mission as one of the high priority New Frontiers mission targets[1]. Many aspects of the Saturn system will not have been fully investigated at the end of the Cassini mission, because of limitations in its implementation and science instrumentation. Fundamental measurements of the interior structure and noble gas abundances of Saturn are needed to better constrain models of Solar System formation, as well as to provide an improved context for exoplanet systems. The SPRITE mission will fulfill the scientific goals of the Decadal Survey Saturn probe mission. It will also provide ground truth for quantities constrained by Cassini and conduct new investigations that improve our understanding of Saturn's interior structure and composition, and by proxy, those of extrasolar giant planets.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN33229 , International Planetary Probe Workshop; Jun 13, 2016 - Jun 17, 2016; Laurel, MD; United States
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  • 15
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    Oxychlorine Species on Mars: Implications from Gale Crater Samples (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Evidence of oxychlorine species such as perchlorates or chlorates have been detected in nearly every acquired sample analyzed on the surface of Mars. Perchlorates were first discovered by the Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) instrument on the Phoenix lander in 2008. The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) has analyzed twelve samples from Gale Crater (as of July 2016), nine drilled samples and three scooped samples. After delivery to SAM, samples are heated to approximately 850 C and evolved gases are measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-38071 , Annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016; Dec 12, 2016 - Dec 16, 2016; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 16
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    Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (Vapor) for Planetary Resource Prospecting (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measuring the chemical composition of planetary bodies and their atmospheres is key to understanding the formation of the Solar System and the evolution of the planets and their moons. In situ volatile measurements enable a ground-truth assessment of the distribution and abundance of resources such as water-ice and oxygen, important for a sustained human presence on the Moon and beyond. The Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) instrument is a compact pyrolysis mass spectrometer designed to detect volatiles released from solid samples that are heated to elevated temperatures and is one technique that should be considered for resource prospecting on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Exobiology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN36259 , International Workshop on Instrumentation for Planetary Missions; Oct 24, 2016 - Oct 27, 2016; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 17
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    Discordant K-Ar and Young Exposure Dates for the Windjana Sandstone, Kimberley, Gale Crater, Mars (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: K-Ar and noble gas surface exposure age measurements were carried out on the Windjana sandstone, Kimberley region, Gale Crater, Mars, by using the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument on the Curiosity rover. The sandstone is unusually rich in sanidine, as determined by CheMin X-ray diffraction, contributing to the high K2O concentration of 3.09 +/- 0.20 wt % measured by Alpha-Particle X-ray Spectrometer analysis. A sandstone aliquot heated to approximately 915 C yielded a K-Ar age of 627 +/- 50 Ma. Reheating this aliquot yielded no additional Ar. A second aliquot heated in the same way yielded a much higher K-Ar age of 1710 +/- 110 Ma. These data suggest incomplete Ar extraction from a rock with a K-Ar age older than 1710 Ma. Incomplete extraction at approximately 900 C is not surprising for a rock with a large fraction of K carried by Ar-retentive K-feldspar. Likely, variability in the exact temperature achieved by the sample from run to run, uncertainties in sample mass estimation, and possible mineral fractionation during transport and storage prior to analysis may contribute to these discrepant data. Cosmic ray exposure ages from He-3 and Ne-21 in the two aliquots are minimum values given the possibility of incomplete extraction. However, the general similarity between the He-3 (57 +/- 49 and 18 +/- 32 Ma, mean 30 Ma) and Ne-21 (2 +/- 32 and 83 +/- 24 Ma, mean 54 Ma) exposure ages provides no evidence for underextraction. The implied erosion rate at the Kimberley location is similar to that reported at the nearby Yellowknife Bay outcrop.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40331 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (ISSN 2169-9097) (e-ISSN 2169-9100); 121; 10; 2176-2192
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  • 18
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    Cometary Origin of Atmospheric Methane Variations on Mars Unlikely (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars was first reported in 2004. Since then a number of independent observations of methane have been reported, all showing temporal variability. Up until recently, the origin of methane was attributed to sources either indigenous to Mars or exogenous, where methane is a UV degradation byproduct of organics falling on to the surface. Most recently, a new hypothesis has been proposed that argues that the appearance and variation of methane are correlated with specific meteor events at Mars. Indeed, extraplanetary material can be brought to a planet when it passes through a meteoroid stream left behind by cometary bodies orbiting the Sun. This occurs repeatedly at specific times in a planet's year as streams tend to be fairly stable in space. In this paper, we revisit this latest hypothesis by carrying out a complete analysis of all available data on Mars atmospheric methane, including the very recent data not previously published, together with all published predicted meteor events for Mars. Whether we consider the collection of individual data points and predicted meteor events, whether we apply statistical analysis, or whether we consider different time spans between high methane measurements and the occurrence of meteor events, we find no compelling evidence for any correlation between atmospheric methane and predicted meteor events.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40307 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (ISSN 2169-9097) (e-ISSN 2169-9100); 121; 10; 2108–2119
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  • 19
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    Photoelectrons and Solar Ionizing Radiation at Mars: Predictions Versus MAVEN Observations (2016)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Understanding the evolution of the Martian atmosphere requires knowledge of processes transforming solar irradiance into thermal energy well enough to model them accurately. Here we compare Martian photoelectron energy spectra measured at periaps is by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution MissioN (MAVEN) with calculations made using three photoelectron production codes and three solar irradiance models as well as modeled and measured CO2 densities. We restricted our comparisons to regions where the contribution from solar wind electrons and ions were negligible. The two intervals examined on 19 October 2014 have different observed incident solar irradiance spectra. In spite of the differences in photoionization cross sections and irradiance spectra used, we find the agreement between models to be within the combined uncertainties associated with the observations from the MAVEN neutral density, electron flux, and solar irradiance instruments.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40352 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227) (e-ISSN 2156-2202); 121; 9; 8859-8870
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  • 20
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    Enhanced O2 Loss at Mars Due to an Ambipolar Electric Field from Electron Heating (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recent results from the MAVEN Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument suggest higher than predicted electron temperatures (T sub e) in Mars dayside ionosphere above approx. 180 km in altitude. Correspondingly, measurements from Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) indicate significant abundances of O2+ up to approx. 500 km in altitude, suggesting that O2+ may be a principal ion loss mechanism of oxygen. In this article, we investigate the effects of the higher T(sub e) (which results from electron heating) and ion heating on ion outflow and loss. Numerical solutions show that plasma processes including ion heating and higher T(sub e) may greatly increase O2+ loss at Mars. In particular, enhanced T(sub e) in Mars ionosphere just above the exobase creates a substantial ambipolar electric field with a potential (e) of several k(sub b)T(sub e), which draws ions out of the region allowing for enhanced escape. With active solar wind, electron and ion heating, direct O2+ loss could match or exceed loss via dissociative recombination of O2+. These results suggest that direct loss of O2+ may have played a significant role in the loss of oxygen at Mars over time.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN40291 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227) (e-ISSN 2156-2202); 121; 5; 4668-4678
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