ALBERT

Description: Supermassive black holes with masses of millions to billions of solar masses are commonly found in the centers of galaxies. Astronomers seek to image jet formation using radio interferometry but still suffer from insufficient angular resolution. An alternative method to resolve small structures is to measure the time variability of their emission. Here we report on gamma-ray observations of the radio galaxy IC 310 obtained with the MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov) telescopes, revealing variability with doubling time scales faster than 4.8 min. Causality constrains the size of the emission region to be smaller than 20% of the gravitational radius of its central black hole. We suggest that the emission is associated with pulsar-like particle acceleration by the electric field across a magnetospheric gap at the base of the radio jet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aleksic, J -- Ansoldi, S -- Antonelli, L A -- Antoranz, P -- Babic, A -- Bangale, P -- Barrio, J A -- Becerra Gonzalez, J -- Bednarek, W -- Bernardini, E -- Biasuzzi, B -- Biland, A -- Blanch, O -- Bonnefoy, S -- Bonnoli, G -- Borracci, F -- Bretz, T -- Carmona, E -- Carosi, A -- Colin, P -- Colombo, E -- Contreras, J L -- Cortina, J -- Covino, S -- Da Vela, P -- Dazzi, F -- De Angelis, A -- De Caneva, G -- De Lotto, B -- de Ona Wilhelmi, E -- Delgado Mendez, C -- Dominis Prester, D -- Dorner, D -- Doro, M -- Einecke, S -- Eisenacher, D -- Elsaesser, D -- Fonseca, M V -- Font, L -- Frantzen, K -- Fruck, C -- Galindo, D -- Garcia Lopez, R J -- Garczarczyk, M -- Garrido Terrats, D -- Gaug, M -- Godinovic, N -- Gonzalez Munoz, A -- Gozzini, S R -- Hadasch, D -- Hanabata, Y -- Hayashida, M -- Herrera, J -- Hildebrand, D -- Hose, J -- Hrupec, D -- Idec, W -- Kadenius, V -- Kellermann, H -- Kodani, K -- Konno, Y -- Krause, J -- Kubo, H -- Kushida, J -- La Barbera, A -- Lelas, D -- Lewandowska, N -- Lindfors, E -- Lombardi, S -- Longo, F -- Lopez, M -- Lopez-Coto, R -- Lopez-Oramas, A -- Lorenz, E -- Lozano, I -- Makariev, M -- Mallot, K -- Maneva, G -- Mankuzhiyil, N -- Mannheim, K -- Maraschi, L -- Marcote, B -- Mariotti, M -- Martinez, M -- Mazin, D -- Menzel, U -- Miranda, J M -- Mirzoyan, R -- Moralejo, A -- Munar-Adrover, P -- Nakajima, D -- Niedzwiecki, A -- Nilsson, K -- Nishijima, K -- Noda, K -- Orito, R -- Overkemping, A -- Paiano, S -- Palatiello, M -- Paneque, D -- Paoletti, R -- Paredes, J M -- Paredes-Fortuny, X -- Persic, M -- Poutanen, J -- Prada Moroni, P G -- Prandini, E -- Puljak, I -- Reinthal, R -- Rhode, W -- Ribo, M -- Rico, J -- Rodriguez Garcia, J -- Rugamer, S -- Saito, T -- Saito, K -- Satalecka, K -- Scalzotto, V -- Scapin, V -- Schultz, C -- Schweizer, T -- Shore, S N -- Sillanpaa, A -- Sitarek, J -- Snidaric, I -- Sobczynska, D -- Spanier, F -- Stamatescu, V -- Stamerra, A -- Steinbring, T -- Storz, J -- Strzys, M -- Takalo, L -- Takami, H -- Tavecchio, F -- Temnikov, P -- Terzic, T -- Tescaro, D -- Teshima, M -- Thaele, J -- Tibolla, O -- Torres, D F -- Toyama, T -- Treves, A -- Uellenbeck, M -- Vogler, P -- Zanin, R -- Kadler, M -- Schulz, R -- Ros, E -- Bach, U -- Krauss, F -- Wilms, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1080-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1256183. Epub 2014 Nov 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. ; Universita di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. ; INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy. ; Universita di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy. ; Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka and University of Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ; Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, D-80805 Munchen, Germany. ; Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Present address: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, and Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. ; University of Lodz', PL-90236 Lodz, Poland. ; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany. ; ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Universitat Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Present address: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. ; Institute of Space Sciences, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. ; Universitat Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. ; Universita di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy. ; Technische Universitat Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. ; Universitat Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. deisenacher@astro.uni-wuerzburg.de jsitarek@ifae.es mannheim@astro.uni-wuerzburg.de. ; Unitat de Fisica de les Radiacions, Departament de Fisica, and Centro de Estudios e Investigacion Espaciales-Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. ; Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos, Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya-Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. ; Institute of Space Sciences, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. Present address: Institut fur Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universitat Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ; Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan. ; Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland. ; Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Finland. Present address: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), Turku, Finland. ; Deceased. ; Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. ; Universita di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)-Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. Present address: Astrophysics Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India. ; Universita di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. ; Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. deisenacher@astro.uni-wuerzburg.de jsitarek@ifae.es mannheim@astro.uni-wuerzburg.de. ; Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. Present address: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia. ; Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, D-80805 Munchen, Germany. Japanese MAGIC Consortium, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Japan. ; ICREA and Institute of Space Sciences, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. ; Universita dell'Insubria and INFN Milano Bicocca, Como, I-22100 Como, Italy. ; Universitat Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg, Astronomisches Institut der Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, ECAP, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany. ; Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. Observatori Astronomic, Universitat de Valencia, E-46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain. Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofisica, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. ; Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. ; Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg, Astronomisches Institut der Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, ECAP, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138491/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138491/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉H3Africa Consortium -- Rotimi, Charles -- Abayomi, Akin -- Abimiku, Alash'le -- Adabayeri, Victoria May -- Adebamowo, Clement -- Adebiyi, Ezekiel -- Ademola, Adebowale D -- Adeyemo, Adebowale -- Adu, Dwomoa -- Affolabi, Dissou -- Agongo, Godfred -- Ajayi, Samuel -- Akarolo-Anthony, Sally -- Akinyemi, Rufus -- Akpalu, Albert -- Alberts, Marianne -- Alonso Betancourt, Orlando -- Alzohairy, Ahmed Mansour -- Ameni, Gobena -- Amodu, Olukemi -- Anabwani, Gabriel -- Andersen, Kristian -- Arogundade, Fatiu -- Arulogun, Oyedunni -- Asogun, Danny -- Bakare, Rasheed -- Balde, Naby -- Baniecki, Mary Lynn -- Beiswanger, Christine -- Benkahla, Alia -- Bethke, Lara -- Boehnke, Micheal -- Boima, Vincent -- Brandful, James -- Brooks, Andrew I -- Brosius, Frank C -- Brown, Chester -- Bucheton, Bruno -- Burke, David T -- Burnett, Barrington G -- Carrington-Lawrence, Stacy -- Carstens, Nadia -- Chisi, John -- Christoffels, Alan -- Cooper, Richard -- Cordell, Heather -- Crowther, Nigel -- Croxton, Talishiea -- de Vries, Jantina -- Derr, Leslie -- Donkor, Peter -- Doumbia, Seydou -- Duncanson, Audrey -- Ekem, Ivy -- El Sayed, Ahmed -- Engel, Mark E -- Enyaru, John C K -- Everett, Dean -- Fadlelmola, Faisal M -- Fakunle, Eyitayo -- Fischbeck, Kenneth H -- Fischer, Anne -- Folarin, Onikepe -- Gamieldien, Junaid -- Garry, Robert F -- Gaseitsiwe, Simani -- Gbadegesin, Rasheed -- Ghansah, Anita -- Giovanni, Maria -- Goesbeck, Parham -- Gomez-Olive, F Xavier -- Grant, Donald S -- Grewal, Ravnit -- Guyer, Mark -- Hanchard, Neil A -- Happi, Christian T -- Hazelhurst, Scott -- Hennig, Branwen J -- Hertz-, Christiane -- Fowler -- Hide, Winston -- Hilderbrandt, Friedhelm -- Hugo-Hamman, Christopher -- Ibrahim, Muntaser E -- James, Regina -- Jaufeerally-Fakim, Yasmina -- Jenkins, Carolyn -- Jentsch, Ute -- Jiang, Pan-Pan -- Joloba, Moses -- Jongeneel, Victor -- Joubert, Fourie -- Kader, Mukthar -- Kahn, Kathleen -- Kaleebu, Pontiano -- Kapiga, Saidi H -- Kassim, Samar Kamal -- Kasvosve, Ishmael -- Kayondo, Jonathan -- Keavney, Bernard -- Kekitiinwa, Adeodata -- Khan, Sheik Humarr -- Kimmel, Paul -- King, Mary-Claire -- Kleta, Robert -- Koffi, Mathurin -- Kopp, Jeffrey -- Kretzler, Matthias -- Kumuthini, Judit -- Kyobe, Samuel -- Kyobutungi, Catherine -- Lackland, Daniel T -- Lacourciere, Karen A -- Landoure, Guida -- Lawlor, Rita -- Lehner, Thomas -- Lesosky, Maia -- Levitt, Naomi -- Littler, Katherine -- Lombard, Zane -- Loring, Jeanne F -- Lyantagaye, Sylvester -- Macleod, Annette -- Madden, Ebony B -- Mahomva, Chengetai R -- Makani, Julie -- Mamven, Manmak -- Marape, Marape -- Mardon, Graeme -- Marshall, Patricia -- Martin, Darren P -- Masiga, Daniel -- Mason, Robin -- Mate-Kole, Michael -- Matovu, Enock -- Mayige, Mary -- Mayosi, Bongani M -- Mbanya, Jean Claude -- McCurdy, Sheryl A -- McCarthy, Mark I -- McIlleron, Helen -- Mc'Ligeyo, S O -- Merle, Corrine -- Mocumbi, Ana Olga -- Mondo, Charles -- Moran, John V -- Motala, Ayesha -- Moxey-Mims, Marva -- Mpoloka, Wata Sununguko -- Msefula, Chisomo L -- Mthiyane, Thuli -- Mulder, Nicola -- Mulugeta, Gebregziab her -- Mumba, Dieuodonne -- Musuku, John -- Nagdee, Mo -- Nash, Oyekanmi -- Ndiaye, Daouda -- Nguyen, Anh Quynh -- Nicol, Mark -- Nkomazana, Oathokwa -- Norris, Shane -- Nsangi, Betty -- Nyarko, Alexander -- Nyirenda, Moffat -- Obe, Eileen -- Obiakor, Reginald -- Oduro, Abraham -- Ofori-Acquah, Solomon F -- Ogah, Okechukwu -- Ogendo, Stephen -- Ohene-Frempong, Kwaku -- Ojo, Akinlolu -- Olanrewaju, Timothy -- Oli, John -- Osafo, Charlotte -- Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer, Odile -- Ovbiagele, Bruce -- Owen, Andrew -- Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo -- Owolabi, Lukman -- Owusu-Dabo, Ellis -- Pare, Guillaume -- Parekh, Rulan -- Patterton, Hugh G -- Penno, Margaret B -- Peterson, Jane -- Pieper, Rembert -- Plange-Rhule, Jacob -- Pollak, Martin -- Puzak, Julia -- Ramesar, Rajkumar S -- Ramsay, Michele -- Rasooly, Rebekah -- Reddy, Shiksha -- Sabeti, Pardis C -- Sagoe, Kwamena -- Salako, Tunde -- Samassekou, Oumar -- Sandhu, Manjinder S -- Sankoh, Osman -- Sarfo, Fred Stephen -- Sarr, Marie -- Shaboodien, Gasnat -- Sidibe, Issa -- Simo, Gustave -- Simuunza, Martin -- Smeeth, Liam -- Sobngwi, Eugene -- Soodyall, Himla -- Sorgho, Hermann -- Sow Bah, Oumou -- Srinivasan, Sudha -- Stein, Dan J -- Susser, Ezra S -- Swanepoel, Carmen -- Tangwa, Godfred -- Tareila, Andrew -- Tastan Bishop, Ozlem -- Tayo, Bamidele -- Tiffin, Nicki -- Tinto, Halidou -- Tobin, Ekaete -- Tollman, Stephen Meir -- Traore, Mahamadou -- Treadwell, Marsha J -- Troyer, Jennifer -- Tsimako-Johnstone, Masego -- Tukei, Vincent -- Ulasi, Ifeoma -- Ulenga, Nzovu -- van Rooyen, Beverley -- Wachinou, Ablo Prudence -- Waddy, Salina P -- Wade, Alisha -- Wayengera, Misaki -- Whitworth, James -- Wideroff, Louise -- Winkler, Cheryl A -- Winnicki, Sarah -- Wonkam, Ambroise -- Yewondwos, Mengistu -- sen, Tadase -- Yozwiak, Nathan -- Zar, Heather -- 085349/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095009/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095201/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098504/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 104111/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U123292700/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P20 MD006899/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI104621/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RG/08/012/25941/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- U01 HG007044/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U41 HG006941/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI110398/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006938/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006939/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG007479/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- UH2 HG007051/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 20;344(6190):1346-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1251546.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Gamma-ray binaries are stellar systems containing a neutron star or black hole, with gamma-ray emission produced by an interaction between the components. These systems are rare, even though binary evolution models predict dozens in our Galaxy. A search for gamma-ray binaries with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) shows that 1FGL J1018.6-5856 exhibits intensity and spectral modulation with a 16.6-day period. We identified a variable x-ray counterpart, which shows a sharp maximum coinciding with maximum gamma-ray emission, as well as an O6V((f)) star optical counterpart and a radio counterpart that is also apparently modulated on the orbital period. 1FGL J1018.6-5856 is thus a gamma-ray binary, and its detection suggests the presence of other fainter binaries in the Galaxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fermi LAT Collaboration -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Belfiore, A -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Cavazzuti, E -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chaty, S -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Corbel, S -- Corbet, R H D -- Cutini, S -- de Luca, A -- den Hartog, P R -- de Palma, F -- Dermer, C D -- Digel, S W -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Donato, D -- Drell, P S -- Drlica-Wagner, A -- Dubois, R -- Dubus, G -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Ferrara, E C -- Focke, W B -- Fortin, P -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grove, J E -- Guiriec, S -- Hadasch, D -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hill, A B -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, T J -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Mazziotta, M N -- McEnery, J E -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Naumann-Godo, M -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Okumura, A -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ozaki, M -- Paneque, D -- Parent, D -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Pierbattista, M -- Piron, F -- Pivato, G -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Ritz, S -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Suson, D J -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J G -- Thayer, J B -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tinivella, M -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Troja, E -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vianello, G -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wood, M -- Yang, Z -- Zimmer, S -- Coe, M J -- Di Mille, F -- Edwards, P G -- Filipovic, M D -- Payne, J L -- Stevens, J -- Torres, M A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):189-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1213974.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rocha, L A -- Aleixo, A -- Allen, G -- Almeda, F -- Baldwin, C C -- Barclay, M V L -- Bates, J M -- Bauer, A M -- Benzoni, F -- Berns, C M -- Berumen, M L -- Blackburn, D C -- Blum, S -- Bolanos, F -- Bowie, R C K -- Britz, R -- Brown, R M -- Cadena, C D -- Carpenter, K -- Ceriaco, L M -- Chakrabarty, P -- Chaves, G -- Choat, J H -- Clements, K D -- Collette, B B -- Collins, A -- Coyne, J -- Cracraft, J -- Daniel, T -- de Carvalho, M R -- de Queiroz, K -- Di Dario, F -- Drewes, R -- Dumbacher, J P -- Engilis, A Jr -- Erdmann, M V -- Eschmeyer, W -- Feldman, C R -- Fisher, B L -- Fjeldsa, J -- Fritsch, P W -- Fuchs, J -- Getahun, A -- Gill, A -- Gomon, M -- Gosliner, T -- Graves, G R -- Griswold, C E -- Guralnick, R -- Hartel, K -- Helgen, K M -- Ho, H -- Iskandar, D T -- Iwamoto, T -- Jaafar, Z -- James, H F -- Johnson, D -- Kavanaugh, D -- Knowlton, N -- Lacey, E -- Larson, H K -- Last, P -- Leis, J M -- Lessios, H -- Liebherr, J -- Lowman, M -- Mahler, D L -- Mamonekene, V -- Matsuura, K -- Mayer, G C -- Mays, H Jr -- McCosker, J -- McDiarmid, R W -- McGuire, J -- Miller, M J -- Mooi, R -- Mooi, R D -- Moritz, C -- Myers, P -- Nachman, M W -- Nussbaum, R A -- Foighil, D O -- Parenti, L R -- Parham, J F -- Paul, E -- Paulay, G -- Perez-Eman, J -- Perez-Matus, A -- Poe, S -- Pogonoski, J -- Rabosky, D L -- Randall, J E -- Reimer, J D -- Robertson, D R -- Rodel, M-O -- Rodrigues, M T -- Roopnarine, P -- Ruber, L -- Ryan, M J -- Sheldon, F -- Shinohara, G -- Short, A -- Simison, W B -- Smith-Vaniz, W F -- Springer, V G -- Stiassny, M -- Tello, J G -- Thompson, C W -- Trnski, T -- Tucker, P -- Valqui, T -- Vecchione, M -- Verheyen, E -- Wainwright, P C -- Wheeler, T A -- White, W T -- Will, K -- Williams, J T -- Williams, G -- Wilson, E O -- Winker, K -- Winterbottom, R -- Witt, C C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):814-5. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6186.814.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. LRocha@calacademy.org. ; Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, PA, 66040-170, Brazil. ; Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA, 6986, Australia. ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. ; Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK. ; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA. ; Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA. ; University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy. ; Utica College, Utica, NY 13502, USA. ; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia. ; Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica. ; University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3161, USA. ; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. ; Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, 4976, Colombia. ; Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA. ; Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciencia, Lisbon, 7005-638, Portugal. ; Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. ; James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia. ; University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. ; NOAA Systematics Laboratory, Washington, DC 20013, USA. ; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. ; Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil. ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macae, RJ, 27965-045, Brazil. ; University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ; Conservation International, Denpasar, Bali, 80235, Indonesia. ; University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0314, USA. ; Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark. ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75005, France. ; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 1176, Ethiopia. ; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. ; Museum Victoria, Melbourne, 3001, VIC, Australia. ; University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA. ; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore. ; Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, 0820, NT, Australia. ; CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia. ; Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, 0843-03092, Panama. ; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. ; Universite Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, B.P. 69, Republic of Congo. ; National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan. ; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000, USA. ; Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, OH 45203, USA. ; The Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 0N2, Canada. ; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia. ; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA. ; California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA. ; The Ornithological Council, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA. ; University of Florida, Gainesville, fl32611, USA. ; Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1041, Venezuela. ; Pontif cia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile. ; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. ; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA. ; University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, 903-0213, Japan. ; Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, 10115, Germany. ; Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bern, CH-3005, Switzerland. ; American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201-8423, USA. ; Auckland Museum, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. ; Centro de Ornitologia y Biodiversidad, Lima, 33, Peru. ; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, 1000, Belgium. ; McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada. ; University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. ; Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855245" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The light emitted by stars and accreting compact objects through the history of the universe is encoded in the intensity of the extragalactic background light (EBL). Knowledge of the EBL is important to understand the nature of star formation and galaxy evolution, but direct measurements of the EBL are limited by galactic and other foreground emissions. Here, we report an absorption feature seen in the combined spectra of a sample of gamma-ray blazars out to a redshift of z approximately 1.6. This feature is caused by attenuation of gamma rays by the EBL at optical to ultraviolet frequencies and allowed us to measure the EBL flux density in this frequency band.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Allafort, A -- Schady, P -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Bellazzini, R -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Borgland, A W -- Bottacini, E -- Bouvier, A -- Bregeon, J -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Cavazzuti, E -- Cecchi, C -- Charles, E -- Chaves, R C G -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Chiaro, G -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- D'Ammando, F -- de Palma, F -- Dermer, C D -- Digel, S W -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Dominguez, A -- Drell, P S -- Drlica-Wagner, A -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Focke, W B -- Franckowiak, A -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grove, J E -- Guiriec, S -- Gustafsson, M -- Hadasch, D -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Jackson, M S -- Jogler, T -- Kataoka, J -- Knodlseder, J -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Larsson, S -- Latronico, L -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Mazziotta, M N -- McEnery, J E -- Mehault, J -- Michelson, P F -- Mizuno, T -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Tramacere, A -- Nuss, E -- Greiner, J -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orienti, M -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Perkins, J S -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Pivato, G -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reyes, L C -- Ritz, S -- Rau, A -- Romoli, C -- Roth, M -- Sanchez-Conde, M -- Sanchez, D A -- Scargle, J D -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stawarz, Lukasz -- Suson, D J -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tinivella, M -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Troja, E -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vianello, G -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wood, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1190-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1227160. Epub 2012 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values) and extended data coverage (from 1968–2007 to 1968–2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longerterm variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.

Description: The atomic nucleus is composed of two different kinds of fermions: protons and neutrons. If the protons and neutrons did not interact, the Pauli exclusion principle would force the majority of fermions (usually neutrons) to have a higher average momentum. Our high-energy electron-scattering measurements using (12)C, (27)Al, (56)Fe, and (208)Pb targets show that even in heavy, neutron-rich nuclei, short-range interactions between the fermions form correlated high-momentum neutron-proton pairs. Thus, in neutron-rich nuclei, protons have a greater probability than neutrons to have momentum greater than the Fermi momentum. This finding has implications ranging from nuclear few-body systems to neutron stars and may also be observable experimentally in two-spin-state, ultracold atomic gas systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hen, O -- Sargsian, M -- Weinstein, L B -- Piasetzky, E -- Hakobyan, H -- Higinbotham, D W -- Braverman, M -- Brooks, W K -- Gilad, S -- Adhikari, K P -- Arrington, J -- Asryan, G -- Avakian, H -- Ball, J -- Baltzell, N A -- Battaglieri, M -- Beck, A -- May-Tal Beck, S -- Bedlinskiy, I -- Bertozzi, W -- Biselli, A -- Burkert, V D -- Cao, T -- Carman, D S -- Celentano, A -- Chandavar, S -- Colaneri, L -- Cole, P L -- Crede, V -- D'Angelo, A -- De Vita, R -- Deur, A -- Djalali, C -- Doughty, D -- Dugger, M -- Dupre, R -- Egiyan, H -- El Alaoui, A -- El Fassi, L -- Elouadrhiri, L -- Fedotov, G -- Fegan, S -- Forest, T -- Garillon, B -- Garcon, M -- Gevorgyan, N -- Ghandilyan, Y -- Gilfoyle, G P -- Girod, F X -- Goetz, J T -- Gothe, R W -- Griffioen, K A -- Guidal, M -- Guo, L -- Hafidi, K -- Hanretty, C -- Hattawy, M -- Hicks, K -- Holtrop, M -- Hyde, C E -- Ilieva, Y -- Ireland, D G -- Ishkanov, B I -- Isupov, E L -- Jiang, H -- Jo, H S -- Joo, K -- Keller, D -- Khandaker, M -- Kim, A -- Kim, W -- Klein, F J -- Koirala, S -- Korover, I -- Kuhn, S E -- Kubarovsky, V -- Lenisa, P -- Levine, W I -- Livingston, K -- Lowry, M -- Lu, H Y -- MacGregor, I J D -- Markov, N -- Mayer, M -- McKinnon, B -- Mineeva, T -- Mokeev, V -- Movsisyan, A -- Munoz Camacho, C -- Mustapha, B -- Nadel-Turonski, P -- Niccolai, S -- Niculescu, G -- Niculescu, I -- Osipenko, M -- Pappalardo, L L -- Paremuzyan, R -- Park, K -- Pasyuk, E -- Phelps, W -- Pisano, S -- Pogorelko, O -- Price, J W -- Procureur, S -- Prok, Y -- Protopopescu, D -- Puckett, A J R -- Rimal, D -- Ripani, M -- Ritchie, B G -- Rizzo, A -- Rosner, G -- Roy, P -- Rossi, P -- Sabatie, F -- Schott, D -- Schumacher, R A -- Sharabian, Y G -- Smith, G D -- Shneor, R -- Sokhan, D -- Stepanyan, S S -- Stepanyan, S -- Stoler, P -- Strauch, S -- Sytnik, V -- Taiuti, M -- Tkachenko, S -- Ungaro, M -- Vlassov, A V -- Voutier, E -- Walford, N K -- Wei, X -- Wood, M H -- Wood, S A -- Zachariou, N -- Zana, L -- Zhao, Z W -- Zheng, X -- Zonta, I -- Jefferson Lab CLAS Collaboration -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):614-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1256785. Epub 2014 Oct 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. or.chen@mail.huji.ac.il. ; Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. ; Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA. ; Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ; Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110-V Valparaiso, Chile. Yerevan Physics Institute, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia. ; Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. ; Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110-V Valparaiso, Chile. ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. ; Yerevan Physics Institute, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre de Saclay, Irfu/Service de Physique Nucleaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy. ; Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Nuclear Research Center Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel. ; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 117259, Russia. ; Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA. ; University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. ; Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA. ; INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy. ; Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. ; Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. ; INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy. Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy. ; University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. ; Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. ; Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA. ; Institut de Physique Nucleaire ORSAY, Orsay, France. ; University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov, Russia. ; Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA. ; University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA. ; College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA. ; Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. ; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA. ; University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3568, USA. ; University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. ; University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. ; Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov, Russia. ; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. ; Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA. Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA. ; Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. ; Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. ; INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. ; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ; Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. Institut de Physique Nucleaire ORSAY, Orsay, France. Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. ; James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA. ; INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. Universita di Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy. ; Yerevan Physics Institute, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3568, USA. ; Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA. Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, 00044 Frascati, Italy. ; California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA. ; Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA. ; The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. ; Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK. ; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA. ; Universita di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy. ; Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Universite Joseph Fourier, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique, Grenoble, France. ; University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, USA. ; University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3568, USA. Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25323697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: In the solar system, the planets' compositions vary with orbital distance, with rocky planets in close orbits and lower-density gas giants in wider orbits. The detection of close-in giant planets around other stars was the first clue that this pattern is not universal and that planets' orbits can change substantially after their formation. Here, we report another violation of the orbit-composition pattern: two planets orbiting the same star with orbital distances differing by only 10% and densities differing by a factor of 8. One planet is likely a rocky "super-Earth," whereas the other is more akin to Neptune. These planets are 20 times more closely spaced and have a larger density contrast than any adjacent pair of planets in the solar system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, Joshua A -- Agol, Eric -- Chaplin, William J -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Deck, Katherine M -- Elsworth, Yvonne -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Hale, Steven J -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Hekker, Saskia -- Holman, Matthew J -- Huber, Daniel -- Karoff, Christopher -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Lopez, Eric D -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Miglio, Andrea -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Stello, Dennis -- Borucki, William J -- Bryson, Steve -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Cochran, William D -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer -- Howard, Andrew W -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Klaus, Todd -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- MacQueen, Phillip J -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Steffen, Jason H -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 3;337(6094):556-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1223269. Epub 2012 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jacarter@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Millisecond pulsars, old neutron stars spun up by accreting matter from a companion star, can reach high rotation rates of hundreds of revolutions per second. Until now, all such "recycled" rotation-powered pulsars have been detected by their spin-modulated radio emission. In a computing-intensive blind search of gamma-ray data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (with partial constraints from optical data), we detected a 2.5-millisecond pulsar, PSR J1311-3430. This unambiguously explains a formerly unidentified gamma-ray source that had been a decade-long enigma, confirming previous conjectures. The pulsar is in a circular orbit with an orbital period of only 93 minutes, the shortest of any spin-powered pulsar binary ever found.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pletsch, H J -- Guillemot, L -- Fehrmann, H -- Allen, B -- Kramer, M -- Aulbert, C -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- de Angelis, A -- Atwood, W B -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Borgland, A W -- Bottacini, E -- Brandt, T J -- Bregeon, J -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chaves, R C G -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- D'Ammando, F -- Dermer, C D -- Digel, S W -- Drell, P S -- Drlica-Wagner, A -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Favuzzi, C -- Ferrara, E C -- Franckowiak, A -- Fukazawa, Y -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guiriec, S -- Hadasch, D -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- den Hartog, P R -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hill, A B -- Hou, X -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Jackson, M S -- Jogler, T -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, W N -- Kataoka, J -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Larsson, S -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Massaro, F -- Mayer, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McEnery, J E -- Mehault, J -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Nemmen, R -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orienti, M -- Orlando, E -- de Palma, F -- Paneque, D -- Perkins, J S -- Piron, F -- Pivato, G -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Ray, P S -- Razzano, M -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Romani, R W -- Romoli, C -- Sanchez, D A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Schulz, A -- Sgro, C -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Suson, D J -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tinivella, M -- Troja, E -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vianello, G -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wood, M -- Yang, Z -- Zimmer, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 7;338(6112):1314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1229054. Epub 2012 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), D-30167 Hannover, Germany. holger.pletsch@aei.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Substantial uncertainties still exist in the scientific understanding of the possible interactions between urban and natural (biogenic) emissions in the production and transformation of atmospheric aerosol and the resulting impact on climate change. The US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) carried out in June 2010 in Central Valley, California, was a comprehensive effort designed to improve this understanding. The primary objective of the field study was to investigate the evolution of secondary organic and black carbon aerosols and their climate-related properties in the Sacramento urban plume as it was routinely transported into the forested Sierra Nevada foothills area. Urban aerosols and trace gases experienced significant physical and chemical transformations as they mixed with the reactive biogenic hydrocarbons emitted from the forest. Two heavily-instrumented ground sites – one within the Sacramento urban area and another about 40 km to the northeast in the foothills area – were set up to characterize the evolution of meteorological variables, trace gases, aerosol precursors, aerosol size, composition, and climate-related properties in freshly polluted and "aged" urban air. On selected days, the DOE G-1 aircraft was deployed to make similar measurements upwind and across the evolving Sacramento plume in the morning and again in the afternoon. The NASA B-200 aircraft, carrying remote sensing instruments, was also deployed to characterize the vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosols and aerosol optical properties within and around the plume. This overview provides: (a) the scientific background and motivation for the study, (b) the operational and logistical information pertinent to the execution of the study, (c) an overview of key observations and initial findings from the aircraft and ground-based sampling platforms, and (d) a roadmap of planned data analyses and focused modeling efforts that will facilitate the integration of new knowledge into improved representations of key aerosol processes and properties in climate models.