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  • Humans  (187)
  • Geophysics  (105)
  • *Ecosystem
  • 2000-2004  (327)
  • 2000  (327)
  • 1
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    Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: The 2,272,351-base pair genome of Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58 (serogroup B), a causative agent of meningitis and septicemia, contains 2158 predicted coding regions, 1158 (53.7%) of which were assigned a biological role. Three major islands of horizontal DNA transfer were identified; two of these contain genes encoding proteins involved in pathogenicity, and the third island contains coding sequences only for hypothetical proteins. Insights into the commensal and virulence behavior of N. meningitidis can be gleaned from the genome, in which sequences for structural proteins of the pilus are clustered and several coding regions unique to serogroup B capsular polysaccharide synthesis can be identified. Finally, N. meningitidis contains more genes that undergo phase variation than any pathogen studied to date, a mechanism that controls their expression and contributes to the evasion of the host immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tettelin, H -- Saunders, N J -- Heidelberg, J -- Jeffries, A C -- Nelson, K E -- Eisen, J A -- Ketchum, K A -- Hood, D W -- Peden, J F -- Dodson, R J -- Nelson, W C -- Gwinn, M L -- DeBoy, R -- Peterson, J D -- Hickey, E K -- Haft, D H -- Salzberg, S L -- White, O -- Fleischmann, R D -- Dougherty, B A -- Mason, T -- Ciecko, A -- Parksey, D S -- Blair, E -- Cittone, H -- Clark, E B -- Cotton, M D -- Utterback, T R -- Khouri, H -- Qin, H -- Vamathevan, J -- Gill, J -- Scarlato, V -- Masignani, V -- Pizza, M -- Grandi, G -- Sun, L -- Smith, H O -- Fraser, C M -- Moxon, E R -- Rappuoli, R -- Venter, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1809-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; Bacteremia/microbiology ; Bacterial Capsules/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Meningitis, Meningococcal/microbiology ; Meningococcal Infections/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neisseria meningitidis/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Open Reading Frames ; Operon ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Serotyping ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Heterozygous germ line hCHK2 mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The hCHK2 gene encodes the human homolog of the yeast Cds1 and Rad53 G2 checkpoint kinases, whose activation in response to DNA damage prevents cellular entry into mitosis. Here, it is shown that heterozygous germ line mutations in hCHK2 occur in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant familial cancer phenotype usually associated with inherited mutations in the TP53 gene. These observations suggest that hCHK2 is a tumor suppressor gene conferring predisposition to sarcoma, breast cancer, and brain tumors, and they also provide a link between the central role of p53 inactivation in human cancer and the well-defined G2 checkpoint in yeast.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, D W -- Varley, J M -- Szydlo, T E -- Kang, D H -- Wahrer, D C -- Shannon, K E -- Lubratovich, M -- Verselis, S J -- Isselbacher, K J -- Fraumeni, J F -- Birch, J M -- Li, F P -- Garber, J E -- Haber, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2528-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Risk Analysis and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Apoptosis ; Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Checkpoint Kinase 2 ; Female ; G1 Phase ; *G2 Phase ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genes, p53 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Male ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics/metabolism ; Sarcoma/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Susceptibility locus for Alzheimer's disease on chromosome 10 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the only genetic risk factor that has so far been linked to risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, 50 percent of Alzheimer's disease cases do not carry an APOE4 allele, suggesting that other risk factors must exist. We performed a two-stage genome-wide screen in sibling pairs with LOAD to detect other susceptibility loci. Here we report evidence for an Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 10. Our stage one multipoint lod score (logarithm of the odds ratio for linkage/no linkage) of 2.48 (266 sibling pairs) increased to 3.83 in stage 2 (429 sibling pairs) close to D10S1225 (79 centimorgans). This locus modifies risk for Alzheimer's disease independent of APOE genotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Myers, A -- Holmans, P -- Marshall, H -- Kwon, J -- Meyer, D -- Ramic, D -- Shears, S -- Booth, J -- DeVrieze, F W -- Crook, R -- Hamshere, M -- Abraham, R -- Tunstall, N -- Rice, F -- Carty, S -- Lillystone, S -- Kehoe, P -- Rudrasingham, V -- Jones, L -- Lovestone, S -- Perez-Tur, J -- Williams, J -- Owen, M J -- Hardy, J -- Goate, A M -- AG16208/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG5681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U24 AG021886/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2304-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125144" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age of Onset ; Aged ; Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease/*genetics ; Apolipoprotein E4 ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Nuclear Family ; Odds Ratio
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: A paramyxovirus virus termed Nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was first noted in late September 1998 and by mid-June 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in Singapore. Electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic studies indicate that this virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is most closely related to the recently discovered Hendra virus. We suggest that these two viruses are representative of a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Like Hendra virus, Nipah virus is unusual among the paramyxoviruses in its ability to infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chua, K B -- Bellini, W J -- Rota, P A -- Harcourt, B H -- Tamin, A -- Lam, S K -- Ksiazek, T G -- Rollin, P E -- Zaki, S R -- Shieh, W -- Goldsmith, C S -- Gubler, D J -- Roehrig, J T -- Eaton, B -- Gould, A R -- Olson, J -- Field, H -- Daniels, P -- Ling, A E -- Peters, C J -- Anderson, L J -- Mahy, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1432-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya Medical Center, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology/*virology ; Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/virology ; Genes, Viral ; Giant Cells/pathology/virology ; Humans ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleocapsid/ultrastructure ; Paramyxoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary/*virology ; *Paramyxovirinae/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/ultrastructure ; Phylogeny ; Respiratory System/virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/veterinary/virology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Singapore/epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; Vasculitis/virology ; Viral Proteins/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: A comparative analysis of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-and the proteins they are predicted to encode-was undertaken in the context of cellular, developmental, and evolutionary processes. The nonredundant protein sets of flies and worms are similar in size and are only twice that of yeast, but different gene families are expanded in each genome, and the multidomain proteins and signaling pathways of the fly and worm are far more complex than those of yeast. The fly has orthologs to 177 of the 289 human disease genes examined and provides the foundation for rapid analysis of some of the basic processes involved in human disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754258/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754258/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rubin, G M -- Yandell, M D -- Wortman, J R -- Gabor Miklos, G L -- Nelson, C R -- Hariharan, I K -- Fortini, M E -- Li, P W -- Apweiler, R -- Fleischmann, W -- Cherry, J M -- Henikoff, S -- Skupski, M P -- Misra, S -- Ashburner, M -- Birney, E -- Boguski, M S -- Brody, T -- Brokstein, P -- Celniker, S E -- Chervitz, S A -- Coates, D -- Cravchik, A -- Gabrielian, A -- Galle, R F -- Gelbart, W M -- George, R A -- Goldstein, L S -- Gong, F -- Guan, P -- Harris, N L -- Hay, B A -- Hoskins, R A -- Li, J -- Li, Z -- Hynes, R O -- Jones, S J -- Kuehl, P M -- Lemaitre, B -- Littleton, J T -- Morrison, D K -- Mungall, C -- O'Farrell, P H -- Pickeral, O K -- Shue, C -- Vosshall, L B -- Zhang, J -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, X H -- Lewis, S -- P4IHG00739/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-14/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060988/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060988-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040296/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040296-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2204-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731134" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Adhesion/genetics ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; Genetics, Medical ; *Genome ; Helminth Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; Immunity/genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Comparison of Columnar Water Vapor Measurements During The Fall 1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period: Solar Transmittance Methods (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: In the fall of 1997, during an Intensive Observation Period (IOP), the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program conducted a study of water vapor abundance measurement at its Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Among a large number of instruments, four sun-tracking radiometers were present to measure the columnar water vapor (CWV). All four solar radiometers retrieve CWV by measuring total solar transmittance in the 0.94-gm water vapor absorption band and subtracting contributions due to Rayleigh, ozone and aerosol transmittances. The aerosol optical depth comparisons among the same four radiometers has been presented elsewhere (Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 17, 2725-2728, 1999). We have used three different methods to retrieve CWV. In a first round of comparison no attempt was made to standardize on the same radiative transfer model and its underlying water vapor spectroscopy. In the second round of comparison we used the same line-by-line code (which includes recently corrected H2O spectroscopy) to retrieve CAN from all four suntracking radiometers. This decreased the mean CWV by 8% or 13%. The spread of 8% in the solar radiometer results found when using the same model is an indication of the other-than-model uncertainties involved in determining CWV from solar transmittance measurements with current instrumentation.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 7
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    No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huston, M A -- Aarssen, L W -- Austin, M P -- Cade, B S -- Fridley, J D -- Garnier, E -- Grime, J P -- Hodgson, J -- Lauenroth, W K -- Thompson, K -- Vandermeer, J H -- Wardle, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fabaceae/growth & development ; *Plant Development ; Plants, Medicinal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Cytochrome c release and apoptosis induced by mitochondrial targeting of nuclear orphan receptor TR3 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: TR3, an immediate-early response gene and an orphan member of the steroid-thyroid hormone-retinoid receptor superfamily of transcription factors, regulates apoptosis through an unknown mechanism. In response to apoptotic stimuli, TR3 translocates from the nucleus to mitochondria to induce cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Mitochondrial targeting of TR3, but not its DNA binding and transactivation, is essential for its proapoptotic effect. Our results reveal a mechanism by which a nuclear transcription factor translocates to mitochondria to initiate apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, H -- Kolluri, S K -- Gu, J -- Dawson, M I -- Cao, X -- Hobbs, P D -- Lin, B -- Chen, G -- Lu, J -- Lin, F -- Xie, Z -- Fontana, J A -- Reed, J C -- Zhang, X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1159-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Cell Fractionation ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism/physiology ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Receptors, Steroid ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Serotonin and the therapeutic effects of ritalin (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkow, N D -- Gatley, S J -- Fowler, J S -- Wang, G J -- Swanson, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*drug therapy ; Brain/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Dopamine/physiology ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Methylphenidate/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/*drug effects ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Serotonin/*metabolism ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Ozone in the Pacific Troposphere from Ozonesonde Observations (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Ozone vertical profile measurements obtained from ozonesondes flown at Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti and the Galapagos are used to characterize ozone in the troposphere over the tropical Pacific. There is a significant seasonal variation at each of these sites. At sites in both the eastern and western Pacific, ozone is highest at almost all levels in the troposphere during the September-November season and lowest during, March-May. There is a relative maximum at all of the sites in the mid-troposphere during all seasons of the year (the largest amounts are usually found near the tropopause). This maximum is particularly pronounced during, the September-November season. On average, throughout the troposphere at all seasons, the Galapagos has larger ozone amounts than the western Pacific sites. A trajectory climatology is used to identify the major flow regimes that are associated with the characteristic ozone behavior at various altitudes and seasons. The enhanced ozone seen in the mid-troposphere during September-November is associated with flow from the continents. In the western Pacific this flow is usually from southern Africa (although 10-day trajectories do not always reach the continent), but also may come from Australia and Indonesia. In the Galapagos the ozone peak in the mid-troposphere is seen in flow from the South American continent and particularly from northern Brazil. The time of year and flow characteristics associated with the ozone mixing ratio peaks seen in both the western and eastern Pacific suggest that these enhanced ozone values result from biomass burning. In the upper troposphere low ozone amounts are seen with flow that originates in the convective western Pacific.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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