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  • *Ecosystem  (53)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (53)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2000-2004  (53)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 2002  (34)
  • 2000  (19)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (53)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Springer Nature
Years
  • 2000-2004  (53)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
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    Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: The effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 were modeled with new, detailed historical climate information. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25%, simulating a land carbon sink from CO2 and climate effects of 0.08 gigaton of carbon per year. The best estimates of the total sink from inventory data are about three times larger, suggesting that processes such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land or in forests harvested before 1980 have effects as large as or larger than the direct effects of CO2 and climate. The modeled sink varies by about 100% from year to year as a result of climate variability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schimel, D -- Melillo, J -- Tian, H -- McGuire, A D -- Kicklighter, D -- Kittel, T -- Rosenbloom, N -- Running, S -- Thornton, P -- Ojima, D -- Parton, W -- Kelly, R -- Sykes, M -- Neilson, R -- Rizzo, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2004-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany. dschimel@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Trees ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Ecology. The value of nature and the nature of value (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Ecosystems are capital assets: When properly managed, they yield a flow of vital goods and services. Relative to other forms of capital, however, ecosystems are poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and--in many important cases--undergoing rapid degradation. The process of economic valuation could greatly improve stewardship. This potential is now being realized with innovative financial instruments and institutional arrangements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daily, G C -- Soderqvist, T -- Aniyar, S -- Arrow, K -- Dasgupta, P -- Ehrlich, P R -- Folke, C -- Jansson, A -- Jansson, B -- Kautsky, N -- Levin, S -- Lubchenco, J -- Maler, K G -- Simpson, D -- Starrett, D -- Tilman, D -- Walker, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):395-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. gdaily@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; Industry ; Investments
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsen, P E -- Kent, D V -- Sues, H-D -- Koeberl, C -- Huber, H -- Montanari, A -- Rainforth, E C -- Fowell, S J -- Szajna, M J -- Hartline, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1305-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs ; *Ecosystem ; Ferns ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iridium/*analysis ; Meteoroids ; Minor Planets ; North America ; Spores ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huston, M A -- Aarssen, L W -- Austin, M P -- Cade, B S -- Fridley, J D -- Garnier, E -- Grime, J P -- Hodgson, J -- Lauenroth, W K -- Thompson, K -- Vandermeer, J H -- Wardle, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fabaceae/growth & development ; *Plant Development ; Plants, Medicinal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sala, O E -- Chapin, F S 3rd -- Armesto, J J -- Berlow, E -- Bloomfield, J -- Dirzo, R -- Huber-Sanwald, E -- Huenneke, L F -- Jackson, R B -- Kinzig, A -- Leemans, R -- Lodge, D M -- Mooney, H A -- Oesterheld, M -- Poff, N L -- Sykes, M T -- Walker, B H -- Walker, M -- Wall, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1770-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiologicas y Ecologicas vinculadas a la Agricultura, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martin 4453, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina. sala@ifeva.edu.ar〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Antarctic krill under sea ice: elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of ice edge (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: We surveyed Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) under sea ice using the autonomous underwater vehicle Autosub-2. Krill were concentrated within a band under ice between 1 and 13 kilometers south of the ice edge. Within this band, krill densities were fivefold greater than that of open water. The under-ice environment has long been considered an important habitat for krill, but sampling difficulties have previously prevented direct observations under ice over the scale necessary for robust krill density estimation. Autosub-2 enabled us to make continuous high-resolution measurements of krill density under ice reaching 27 kilometers beyond the ice edge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brierley, Andrew S -- Fernandes, Paul G -- Brandon, Mark A -- Armstrong, Frederick -- Millard, Nicholas W -- McPhail, Steven D -- Stevenson, Peter -- Pebody, Miles -- Perrett, James -- Squires, Mark -- Bone, Douglas G -- Griffiths, Gwyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1890-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. andrew.brierley@st-andrews.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Crustacea/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Ice ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; Regression Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Nino-Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvell, C Drew -- Mitchell, Charles E -- Ward, Jessica R -- Altizer, Sonia -- Dobson, Andrew P -- Ostfeld, Richard S -- Samuel, Michael D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2158-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. cdh5@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Climate ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/etiology/transmission/veterinary ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Vectors ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/physiology ; Humans ; *Infection/epidemiology/etiology/transmission/veterinary ; Parasites/physiology ; *Plant Diseases/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Virus Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Impacts of soil faunal community composition on model grassland ecosystems (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-19
    Description: Human impacts, including global change, may alter the composition of soil faunal communities, but consequences for ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We constructed model grassland systems in the Ecotron controlled environment facility and manipulated soil community composition through assemblages of different animal body sizes. Plant community composition, microbial and root biomass, decomposition rate, and mycorrhizal colonization were all markedly affected. However, two key ecosystem processes, aboveground net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, were surprisingly resistant to these changes. We hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradford, M A -- Jones, T H -- Bardgett, R D -- Black, H I J -- Boag, B -- Bonkowski, M -- Cook, R -- Eggers, T -- Gange, A C -- Grayston, S J -- Kandeler, E -- McCaig, A E -- Newington, J E -- Prosser, J I -- Setala, H -- Staddon, P L -- Tordoff, G M -- Tscherko, D -- Lawton, J H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 18;298(5593):615-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK. m.a.bradford@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12386334" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Body Constitution ; Carbon/metabolism ; Ecological Systems, Closed ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fungi/growth & development ; Oxygen Consumption ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Development ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth & development ; Population Density ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Environment. Frontier governance in Amazonia (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nepstad, D -- McGrath, D -- Alencar, A -- Barros, A C -- Carvalho, G -- Santilli, M -- Vera Diaz, M del C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):629-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC), Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296, USA. dnepstad@whrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; Economics ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Forestry ; Government ; Public Policy ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Rainfall variability, carbon cycling, and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: Ecosystem responses to increased variability in rainfall, a prediction of general circulation models, were assessed in native grassland by reducing storm frequency and increasing rainfall quantity per storm during a 4-year experiment. More extreme rainfall patterns, without concurrent changes in total rainfall quantity, increased temporal variability in soil moisture and plant species diversity. However, carbon cycling processes such as soil CO2 flux, CO2 uptake by the dominant grasses, and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) were reduced, and ANPP was more responsive to soil moisture variability than to mean soil water content. Our results show that projected increases in rainfall variability can rapidly alter key carbon cycling processes and plant community composition, independent of changes in total precipitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knapp, Alan K -- Fay, Philip A -- Blair, John M -- Collins, Scott L -- Smith, Melinda D -- Carlisle, Jonathan D -- Harper, Christopher W -- Danner, Brett T -- Lett, Michelle S -- McCarron, James K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2202-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. aknapp@ksu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Kansas ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Rain ; Seasons ; Soil ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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