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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in Bone Resorption after Menopause in Japanese Women with Normal or Low Bone Mineral Density: Quantitation of Urinary Cross-Linked N-Telopeptides (1998)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 62 (1998), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Type I-N-telopeptides — Bone resorption — Bone mineral density — Menopause — Osteoporosis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this study was to examine the value of NTx, a urinary cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen, as a marker of bone resorption. We assessed changes in pre- and postmenopausal bone resorption by evaluating the correlation of NTx with L2–4 bone mineral density (BMD) in a total of 1100 Japanese women, aged 19–80 years [272 premenopausal (45.2 ± 6.2 years) and 828 postmenopausal (59.5 ± 6.2 years)]. Postmenopausal women were divided into three groups based on the range of BMD (normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic). Within each group, subjects were further segregated according to years since menopause (YSM). NTx values were then evaluated for each group. Our results showed that BMD was significantly decreased (P 〈 0.05) and NTx was significantly increased (P 〈 0.01) after menopause in age-matched analysis. Consistent with a previous report, NTx was inversely correlated with BMD for the entire cohort of study subjects (r =−0.299), although NTx correlated better with premenopausal than postmenopausal BMD (r =−0.240 versus r =−0.086). This may have been due to the fact that elevated values of NTx were exhibited over the entire range of BMD present in the postmenopausal women, suggesting that NTx might respond faster to the estrogen withdrawal than BMD. In all postmenopausal women, regardless of the range of BMD, the increase in NTx reached a peak within 5 YSM. After 11 YSM, however, NTx remained elevated in the osteoporotic group but it decreased in the osteopenic group, and showed no significant change in the group of postmenopausal women with normal BMD. These findings suggest that bone resorption is dramatically increased within 5 years after menopause but remains increased only in osteoporotic women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900451
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geostatistical scaling of canopy water content in a California salt marsh (1998)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 13 (1998), S. 79-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: geostatistics ; scaling ; grain ; extent ; canopy water content ; salt marsh ; remote sensing ; Airborne ; Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Remote sensing data are typically collected at a scale which is larger in both grain and extent than traditional ecological measurements. To compare with remotely sensed data on a one-to-one basis, field measurements frequently must be rescaled to match the grain of image data. Once a one-to-one correspondence is established, it may be possible to extrapolate site based relationships over a wider extent. This paper presents a methodology for rescaling the grain of ecological field data to match the grain of remotely sensed data and gives an example of the method in verification of remote sensing estimates of canopy water content in a tidal salt marsh. We measured canopy water content at 169 points on a semi-regular grid in the Petaluma Marsh, CA. A variogram describing the spatial correlation structure of the canopy water content was calculated and modeled. Ordinary kriging estimates of the canopy water content were calculated over blocks corresponding to image pixels acquired by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A water content index was determined from the reflectance data by calculating the area of a water absorption feature at 970 nm. A regression developed between the blocks and the pixels at the site was extrapolated over the image to obtain an estimate of canopy water content for the entire marsh. The patterns of canopy water content at the site and landscape levels suggest that different processes are important for determining patterns of canopy water content at different spatial extents. The errors involved in the rescaling procedures and the remote sensing interpretation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007961516096
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress effect and evidence of ferroelectric weakening in highly c-axis-oriented PbTiO3 thin films (1998)
    Springer
    Applied physics 66 (1998), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 68.55.J; 78.30.Hv; 77.55.+f
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 3 were successfully grown on Pt-coated SrTiO3 single-crystal substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The as-deposited thin films were found to be highly (001)-oriented with an average grain size of about 0.3 μm. Both a decrease of the tetragonality and a frequency downshift of the long-wavelength optical phonons were observed and attributed to the effect of compressive stress in the thin films. However, Raman scattering studies estimated a stress value of 2.6 GPa, which is much larger than the value of 0.75 GPa obtained from the XRD analyses. Raman spectroscopic studies also confirmed the grain-size-related disorder feature in the as-grown PbTiO3 thin films. Structural investigations implied the weakening of ferroelectricity in the heteroepitaxial ferroelectric thin films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050676
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defects and voids in He+-implanted Si studied by slow-positron annihilation and transmission electron microscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Applied physics 66 (1998), S. 521-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.80; 61.16; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 16  /cm2 He+ implantation were investigated by slow-positron annihilation technique, transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering, and channeling spectroscopy. It was found that small vacancy clusters were induced in the surface region and big clusters (microbubbles) formed around the projected range in which the crystal was heavily damaged by the implantation. The small vacancy clusters in the near-surface region start to disappear at 300 °C and can be removed at temperatures up to 700 °C by dissociation and diffusing to the damaged region. This results in the growth of voids. The severely damaged region around the projected range begins to anneal out at temperatures higher than 600 °C, and He is released, leaving voids embedded inside the crystalline silicon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050707
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of structural transformations in nanophase titanium dioxide by Raman spectroscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Applied physics 66 (1998), S. 621-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.46.+w; 78.30.-j; 64.70.K
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2 ) prepared by a colloidal chemistry method. The evolution of the anatase phase upon annealing was characterized by frequency downshift, intensity increase, and linewidth sharpening of the lowest-frequency Eg mode. The rutile phase was shown to be stabilized at temperatures below 350 °C and was postulated to reside in the surface region of the nanophase. The beginning and ending temperatures for the anatase–rutile transformation in the nanophase were found to be lower than those in single crystals or polycrystalline powders. The microscopic mechanism of the phase transformation was analyzed and the surface effect was suggested. An anomalous phenomenon of amorphization was also detected at the end of the anatase–rutile transformation in the nanophase TiO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050723
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences are not required for translation of chloroplast mRNAs in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts or in Escherichia coli (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 257 (1998), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsChlamydomonas ; Translational control ; Chloroplast genetics ; Shine-Dalgarno sequence ; Chloroplast reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Initiation of translation in Escherichia coli and related eubacteria involves well-defined interactions between a conserved Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence immediately upstream of the initiation codon in the mRNA leader and an equally conserved anti-SD sequence at the 3′ end of the 16S rRNA. SD-like sequences found in the leaders of many, but not all, mRNAs from cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are hypervariable in location, size, and base composition compared to those in E. coli, while anti-SD sequences in the respective 16S rRNAs remain highly conserved. We have examined the function of the SD-like sequences found in the leaders of four chloroplast genes of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using replacement mutagenesis to eliminate complementarity with the anti-SD sequences and insertion of canonical SD sequences (GGAGG) at positions −9 to −5 relative to the initiation codon. Promoter-leader regions of the atpB, atpE, rps4, and rps7 genes representing the diversity of chloroplast SD-like sequences were fused to aadA and uidA reporter genes encoding spectinomycin resistance and GUS activity respectively. Analysis of chloroplast transformants of C. reinhardtii and transformants of E. coli carrying the wild-type and mutant reporter constructs revealed that mutagenic replacement of the putative SD sequences had no effect on the expression of either the aadA or uidA reporter genes. Chloroplast transformants with the canonical SD sequence also showed no differences in reporter gene expression, whereas expression of the reporter genes was increased by 10 to 30% in the E. coli transformants. Collectively our results suggest that even though SD-dependent initiation predominates in E. coli, this bacterium also has the capacity to initiate translation by an SD-independent mechanism. In contrast, plant chloroplasts, and very probably their cyanobacterial ancestors, appear to have adopted the SD-independent mechanism for translational initiation of most mRNAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050648
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsifier for microemulsion polymerization (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 534-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Emulsifier ; microemulsion ; composition ; microemulsion polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  By introducing an hydroxyl group and a lipophilic branch into the middle of lipophilic head of emulsifier 12-oxy-9-octadecenoic acid, a new emulsifier was synthesized and applied in microemulsion polymerization. When the emulsifier content in the microemulsion was kept to about 12%, the highest monomer content in microemulsion could achieve 35% for BA, 20% for St and MMA. The microemulsion with high monomer content remained clear after polymerization, and the average diameters of polymer particles were 38.9 nm for St microemulsion, 47.4 nm for BA, and 50.7 nm for MMA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050277
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 179-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The global processes that determine cosmic ray modulation are reviewed. The essential elements of the theory which describes cosmic ray behavior in the heliosphere are summarized, and a series of discussions is presented which compare the expectations of this theory with observations of the spatial and temporal behavior of both galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component; the behavior of cosmic ray electrons and ions; and the 26-day variations in cosmic rays as a function of heliographic latitude. The general conclusion is that the current theory is essentially correct. There is clear evidence, in solar minimum conditions, that the cosmic rays and the anomalous component behave as is expected from theory, with strong effects of gradient and curvature drifts. There is strong evidence of considerable latitude transport of the cosmic rays, at all energies, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Despite the apparent success of the theory, there is no single choice for the parameters which describe cosmic ray behavior, which can account for all of the observed temporal and spatial variations, spectra, and electron vs. ion behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005074923940
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corotating Particle Events (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 215-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The corotating particle events give us a unique opportunity to probe the three-dimensional structures of the heliosphere. This is especially true if we have observations over a period of extreme stability of the CIRs, such as existed over the recent solar minimum. We discuss how the observations fit into the context of current heliospheric magnetic field models. The energetic particle signatures of CIRs throughout the regions of the heliosphere covered by the deep-space missions are reviewed. The CIRs accelerate these particles and at the same time modulate both the high energy galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous cosmic rays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005027024848
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  • 10
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    Trace element characteristics in the diopsides of peridotite xenoliths: a laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry study (1998)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1001-6538
    Electronic ISSN: 1861-9541
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer
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