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Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation

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Abstract

The global processes that determine cosmic ray modulation are reviewed. The essential elements of the theory which describes cosmic ray behavior in the heliosphere are summarized, and a series of discussions is presented which compare the expectations of this theory with observations of the spatial and temporal behavior of both galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component; the behavior of cosmic ray electrons and ions; and the 26-day variations in cosmic rays as a function of heliographic latitude. The general conclusion is that the current theory is essentially correct. There is clear evidence, in solar minimum conditions, that the cosmic rays and the anomalous component behave as is expected from theory, with strong effects of gradient and curvature drifts. There is strong evidence of considerable latitude transport of the cosmic rays, at all energies, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Despite the apparent success of the theory, there is no single choice for the parameters which describe cosmic ray behavior, which can account for all of the observed temporal and spatial variations, spectra, and electron vs. ion behavior.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    L. A. Fisk

  2. Space Science Department of ESA, ESTEC, NL-2200 AG, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

    K.-P. Wenzel

  3. The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom

    A. Balogh

  4. Potchefstroom University for CHE, Potchefstroom, South Africa

    R. A. Burger, M. S. Potgieter, C. D. Steenberg & H. Moraal

  5. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

    A. C. Cummings & E. C. Stone

  6. Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA

    P. Evenson

  7. Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    B. Heber, H. Kunow & G. Wibberenz

  8. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    J. R. Jokipii & J. Kóta

  9. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117924, Russia

    M. B. Krainev

  10. Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    J. A. Le Roux & F. B. McDonald

  11. Enrico Fermi Institute and Dept. of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    R. B. McKibben, J. A. Simpson & M. Zhang

  12. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/ES82, Huntsville, AL, 35812, USA

    S. Suess

  13. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-001, USA

    W. R. Webber

  14. CEA, DSM/DAPNIA/Service d'Astrophysique, CE-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

    P. Ferrando

  15. Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    Z. Fujii

  16. Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03842, USA

    J. A. Lockwood

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  1. L. A. Fisk
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  2. K.-P. Wenzel
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  3. A. Balogh
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  13. F. B. McDonald
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  14. R. B. McKibben
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  15. M. S. Potgieter
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  17. C. D. Steenberg
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  18. S. Suess
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Fisk, L.A., Wenzel, KP., Balogh, A. et al. Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation. Space Science Reviews 83, 179–214 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005074923940

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