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  • Articles  (781)
  • 2020-2023
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  • Articles  (781)
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  • 2020-2023
  • 2020-2020
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
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    Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: initial venus and interplanetary cruise results (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: The Galileo Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer obtained a spectrum of Venus atmospheric emissions in the 55.0- to 125.0-nanometer (nm) wavelength region. Emissions of helium (58.4 nm), ionized atomic oxygen (83.4 nm), and atomic hydrogen (121.6 nm), as well as a blended spectral feature of atomic hydrogen (Lyman-beta) and atomic oxygen (102.5 nm), were observed at 3.5-nm resolution. During the Galileo spacecraft cruise from Venus to Earth, Lyman-alpha emission from solar system atomic hydrogen (121.6 nm) was measured. The dominant source of the Lyman-alpha emission is atomic hydrogen from the interstellar medium. A model of Galileo observations at solar maximum indicates a decrease in the solar Lyman-alpha flux near the solar poles. A strong day-to-day variation also occurs with the 27-day periodicity of the rotation of the sun.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hord, C W -- Barth, C A -- Esposito, L W -- McClintock, W E -- Pryor, W R -- Simmons, K E -- Stewart, A I -- Thomas, G E -- Ajello, J M -- Lane, A L -- West, R W -- Sandel, B R -- Broadfoot, A L -- Hunten, D M -- Shemansky, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1548-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: Snow feedback is expected to amplify global warming caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The conventional explanation is that a warmer Earth will have less snow cover, resulting in a darker planet that absorbs more solar radiation. An intercomparison of 17 general circulation models, for which perturbations of sea surface temperature were used as a surrogate climate change, suggests that this explanation is overly simplistic. The results instead indicate that additional amplification or moderation may be caused both by cloud interactions and longwave radiation. One measure of this net effect of snow feedback was found to differ markedly among the 17 climate models, ranging from weak negative feedback in some models to strong positive feedback in others.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Potter, G L -- Zhang, M H -- Blanchet, J P -- Chalita, S -- Colman, R -- Dazlich, D A -- Genio, A D -- Dymnikov, V -- Galin, V -- Jerrett, D -- Keup, E -- Lacis, A A -- LE Treut, H -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Mitchell, J F -- Morcrette, J J -- Norris, P M -- Randall, D A -- Rikus, L -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Schlese, U -- Sheinin, D A -- Slingo, J M -- Sokolov, A S -- Taylor, K E -- Washington, W M -- Wetherald, R T -- Yagai, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17751825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    A bacterial system for investigating transport effects of cystic fibrosis--associated mutations (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-04
    Description: LIV-I, a high-affinity system that transports neutral, branched-chain amino acids into Escherichia coli, has two components, LivG and LivF, that are homologous to the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CF-associated mutations of human CFTR were introduced into corresponding regions of LivG, and their effects on leucine transport could be grouped into three classes. Mutations were found that (i) abolished LIV-I--directed transport, (ii) retained about a quarter of wild-type activity at the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM), and (iii) had minimal activity at the KM. A mutation equivalent to a benign polymorphism had no effect on transport. The correlation of these mutational phenotypes in LivG and CFTR suggests that the LIV-I prokaryotic transporter is functionally similar to the CF protein and that this similarity can be exploited to clarify the properties of the nucleotide-binding fold in this superfamily of proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, A L -- Wagner, L M -- Collins, F S -- Oxender, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 4;254(5028):109-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1718037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Biological Transport, Active ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cystic Fibrosis/*genetics ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Leucine/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Binding ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Inability of malaria vaccine to induce antibodies to a protective epitope within its sequence (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-08
    Description: Saimiri monkeys immunized with a recombinant protein containing 20 copies of the nine amino acid repeat of the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (CS) protein developed high concentrations of antibodies to the repeat sequence and to sporozoites, but were not protected against challenge. After intravenous injection of an immunoglobulin G3 monoclonal antibody (NVS3) against irradiated P. vivax sporozoites, four of six monkeys were protected against sporozoite-induced malaria, and the remaining two animals took significantly longer to become parasitemic. Epitope mapping demonstrated that NVS3 recognizes only four (AGDR) of the nine amino acids within the repeat region of the P. vivax CS protein. The monkeys immunized with (DRAADGQPAG)20 did not produce antibodies to the protective epitope AGDR. Thus, determination of the fine specificity of protective immune responses may be critical to the construction of successful subunit vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charoenvit, Y -- Collins, W E -- Jones, T R -- Millet, P -- Yuan, L -- Campbell, G H -- Beaudoin, R L -- Broderson, J R -- Hoffman, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 8;251(4994):668-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Infectious Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1704150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Protozoan/*immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; Epitopes ; Immunization, Passive ; Malaria/immunology/*prevention & control ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Plasmodium vivax/*immunology ; *Protozoan Proteins ; Saimiri ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Recombinant virus vaccine-induced SIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: Evidence indicates that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may be important in containing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the infected host. Although the use of recombinant viruses has been proposed as an approach to elicit protective immunity against HIV, the ability of recombinant viral constructs to elicit CD8+ CTL responses in higher primates has never been demonstrated. A live recombinant virus, vaccinia-simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac), was used to determine whether such a genetically restricted, T lymphocyte-mediated antiviral response could be generated in a primate. Vaccinia-SIVmac vaccination elicited an SIVmac Gag-specific, CD8+ CTL response in rhesus monkeys. These CTLs recognized a peptide fragment that spans residues 171 to 195 of the Gag protein. The rhesus monkey major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene product restricting this CTL response was defined. Both the vaccinated and SIVmac-infected monkeys that shared this MHC class I gene product developed CTLs with the same Gag epitope specificity. These findings support the use of recombinant virus vaccines for the prevention of HIV infections in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, L -- Chen, Z W -- Miller, M D -- Stallard, V -- Mazzara, G P -- Panicali, D L -- Letvin, N L -- AI20729/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI26507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA50139/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):440-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard Medical School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1708168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, CD8 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis ; Epitopes/chemistry/immunology ; Gene Products, gag/chemistry/*immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at venus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: During the 1990 Galileo Venus flyby, the Near Infaied Mapping Spectrometer investigated the night-side atmosphere of Venus in the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers. Multispectral images at high spatial resolution indicate substanmial cloud opacity variations in the lower cloud levels, centered at 50 kilometers altitude. Zonal and meridional winds were derived for this level and are consistent with motion of the upper branch of a Hadley cell. Northern and southern hemisphere clouds appear to be markedly different. Spectral profiles were used to derive lower atmosphere abundances of water vapor and other species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R W -- Baines, K H -- Encrenaz, T -- Taylor, F W -- Drossart, P -- Kamp, L W -- Pollack, J B -- Lellouch, E -- Collard, A D -- Calcutt, S B -- Grinspoon, D -- Weissman, P R -- Smythe, W D -- Ocampo, A C -- Danielson, G E -- Fanale, F P -- Johnson, T V -- Kieffer, H H -- Matson, D L -- McCord, T B -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1541-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Initial Venus and Interplanetary Cruise Results (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Galileo Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Measurements at Venus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relativistic effects in single-joint voluntary movements (1991)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 65 (1991), S. 401-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We assume that there is an upper limit for the rate of change of controlled variables in the motor control system. Superposition of two single-joint motor programs can lead to a distortion of their simple algebraic summation similar to relativistic Lorenz transformations. Experiments were carried out with the subjects performing fast oscillatory elbow movements on the background of a smooth elbow flexion. Changes in the period of oscillations during the smooth movement were used as index of time tranformations. Statistically 5%–7% changes in the period were observed for each of the subjects corresponding to the predictions of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216974
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of structural symmetry in linearizing ocular reflexes (1991)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 65 (1991), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a simulation study using an anatomically relevant model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The aim is to explore the functional properties of a bilateral structure in the premotor circuits of the oculomotor system. The major conclusions using sinusoidal inputs are: A bilateral structure in a sensory-motor system improves its linear range beyond expected central limits, if provided with symmetric interconnections. Given a bilateral (push-pull) sensory arrangement, non-linear sensor characteristics are actually advantageous. The greatest improvement in linear range of the reflex (here VOR) relies on intact sensors on both sides. In the case of a single sensor (unilateral head velocity input), or unmatched bilateral sensors, this study predicts a decrease in the linear range and the appearance of a variable bias. These implications are compatible with available data and can be tested in a clinical invironment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197285
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