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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (887)
  • 1990-1994  (887)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1993  (442)
  • 1991  (445)
  • 1
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    Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: Snow feedback is expected to amplify global warming caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The conventional explanation is that a warmer Earth will have less snow cover, resulting in a darker planet that absorbs more solar radiation. An intercomparison of 17 general circulation models, for which perturbations of sea surface temperature were used as a surrogate climate change, suggests that this explanation is overly simplistic. The results instead indicate that additional amplification or moderation may be caused both by cloud interactions and longwave radiation. One measure of this net effect of snow feedback was found to differ markedly among the 17 climate models, ranging from weak negative feedback in some models to strong positive feedback in others.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Potter, G L -- Zhang, M H -- Blanchet, J P -- Chalita, S -- Colman, R -- Dazlich, D A -- Genio, A D -- Dymnikov, V -- Galin, V -- Jerrett, D -- Keup, E -- Lacis, A A -- LE Treut, H -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Mitchell, J F -- Morcrette, J J -- Norris, P M -- Randall, D A -- Rikus, L -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Schlese, U -- Sheinin, D A -- Slingo, J M -- Sokolov, A S -- Taylor, K E -- Washington, W M -- Wetherald, R T -- Yagai, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17751825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Isolation of sequences that span the fragile X and identification of a fragile X-related CpG island (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-08
    Description: Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) were obtained from a 550-kilobase region that contains three probes previously mapped as very close to the locus of the fragile X syndrome. These YACs spanned the fragile site in Xq27.3 as shown by fluorescent in situ hybridization. An internal 200-kilobase segment contained four chromosomal breakpoints generated by induction of fragile X expression. A single CpG island was identified in the cloned region between markers DXS463 and DXS465 that appears methylated in mentally retarded fragile X males, but not in nonexpressing male carriers of the mutation nor in normal males. This CpG island may indicate the presence of a gene involved in the clinical phenotype of the syndrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heitz, D -- Rousseau, F -- Devys, D -- Saccone, S -- Abderrahim, H -- Le Paslier, D -- Cohen, D -- Vincent, A -- Toniolo, D -- Della Valle, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1236-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculte de Medecine, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Fungal ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA Probes ; *Dinucleoside Phosphates ; Fragile X Syndrome/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reference Values ; Restriction Mapping ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; *X Chromosome
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  • 3
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    Galileo infrared imaging spectroscopy measurements at venus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-27
    Description: During the 1990 Galileo Venus flyby, the Near Infaied Mapping Spectrometer investigated the night-side atmosphere of Venus in the spectral range 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers. Multispectral images at high spatial resolution indicate substanmial cloud opacity variations in the lower cloud levels, centered at 50 kilometers altitude. Zonal and meridional winds were derived for this level and are consistent with motion of the upper branch of a Hadley cell. Northern and southern hemisphere clouds appear to be markedly different. Spectral profiles were used to derive lower atmosphere abundances of water vapor and other species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R W -- Baines, K H -- Encrenaz, T -- Taylor, F W -- Drossart, P -- Kamp, L W -- Pollack, J B -- Lellouch, E -- Collard, A D -- Calcutt, S B -- Grinspoon, D -- Weissman, P R -- Smythe, W D -- Ocampo, A C -- Danielson, G E -- Fanale, F P -- Johnson, T V -- Kieffer, H H -- Matson, D L -- McCord, T B -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1541-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 4
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    Inhibition of HIV replication in acute and chronic infections in vitro by a Tat antagonist (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) trans-activator Tat is an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs because inhibition of Tat would arrest the virus at an early stage. The drug Ro 5-3335 [7-chloro-5-(2-pyrryl)-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2(H)-one], inhibited gene expression by HIV-1 at the level of transcriptional trans-activation by Tat. The compound did not inhibit the basal activity of the promoter. Both Tat and its target sequence TAR were required for the observed inhibitory activity. Ro 5-3335 reduced the amount of cell-associated viral RNA and antigen in acutely, as well as in chronically infected cells in vitro (median inhibition concentration 0.1 to 1 micromolar). Effective inhibition of viral replication was also observed 24 hours after cells were transfected with infectious recombinant HIV-1 DNA. The compound was active against both HIV-1 and HIV-2 and against 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistant clinical isolates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsu, M C -- Schutt, A D -- Holly, M -- Slice, L W -- Sherman, M I -- Richman, D D -- Potash, M J -- Volsky, D J -- AI 27397/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 27670/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 29164/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1799-802.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ 07110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; Benzodiazepinones/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Gene Products, tat/*antagonists & inhibitors ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat/drug effects ; HIV-1/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; HIV-2/drug effects/*physiology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects ; Pyrroles/*pharmacology ; Virus Replication/*drug effects ; Zidovudine/pharmacology ; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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  • 5
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    Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-19
    Description: Global warming caused by an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, is the direct result of greenhouse gas-induced radiative forcing. When a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered, this forcing differed substantially among 15 atmospheric general circulation models. Although there are several potential causes, the largest contributor was the carbon dioxide radiation parameterizations of the models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Zhang, M H -- Potter, G L -- Barker, H W -- Colman, R A -- Dazlich, D A -- Del Genio, A D -- Esch, M -- Fraser, J R -- Galin, V -- Gates, W L -- Hack, J J -- Ingram, W J -- Kiehl, J T -- Lacis, A A -- Le Treut, H -- Li, Z X -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Morcrette, J J -- Randall, D A -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Sokolov, A P -- Sporyshev, P V -- Taylor, K E -- Wang, W C -- Wetherald, R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1252-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 6
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    Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human-PBL-SCID mice (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-15
    Description: Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood leukocytes (hu-PBL-SCID mice) have inducible human immune function and may be useful as a small animal model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) research. Hu-PBL-SCID mice infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) contained virus that was recoverable by culture from the peritoneal cavity, spleen, peripheral blood, and lymph nodes for up to 16 weeks after infection; viral sequences were also detected by in situ hybridization and by amplification with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mice could be infected with multiple strains of HIV-1, including LAV-1/Bru, IIIB, MN, SF2, and SF13. HIV-1 infection affected the concentration of human immunoglobulin and the number of CD4+ T cells in the mice. These results support the use of the hu-PBL-SCID mouse for studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of AIDS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mosier, D E -- Gulizia, R J -- Baird, S M -- Wilson, D B -- Spector, D H -- Spector, S A -- AI-27703/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-29182/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 15;251(4995):791-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, Medical Biology Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1990441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Transfusion ; Chimera/*immunology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *HIV Infections/immunology ; *HIV-1/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Transfusion ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains/*immunology ; Spleen/microbiology
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  • 7
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    Facilitation of the induction of long-term potentiation by GABAB receptors (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-21
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP), an in vitro model of learning, was induced in hippocampal slices by 5-hertz stimulation. During induction, gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) inhibition decreased, causing the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitation to increase. 2-OH Saclofen, a GABAB receptor antagonist, prevented the reduction of inhibition, the increase of excitation, and the induction of LTP. Therefore, disinhibition caused by GABAB receptors is required for induction of LTP by 5-hertz stimulation. GABAB receptor modulation of synaptic plasticity occurs at frequencies in the range of the endogenous hippocampal theta rhythm, which has been shown to modulate LTP in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mott, D D -- Lewis, D V -- NS27488/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 21;252(5013):1718-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1675489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Baclofen/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Learning/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Neural Inhibition ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects/*physiology
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  • 8
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    Orientational disorder in solvent-free solid c70 (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-29
    Description: The high-temperature structure of solvent-free C(70) has been determined with high-resolution x-ray powder difraction and electron microscopy. Samples crystallized from solution form hexagonal close-packed crystals that retain an appreciable amount of residual toluene, even after prolonged heating. Samples prepared by sublimation, which contain no detectable solvent, are primarily face-centered cubic with some admixture of a hexagonal phase. The relative volume of the hexagonal phase can be further reduced by annealing. The structures of both phases are described by a model of complete orientational disorder. The cubic phase contains an appreciable density of stacking faults along the [111] direction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaughan, G B -- Heiey, P A -- Luzzi, D E -- Ricketts-Foot, D A -- McGhie, A R -- Fischer, J E -- Hui, Y W -- Smith, A L -- Cox, D E -- Romanow, W J -- Allen, B H -- Coustel, N -- McCauley, J P Jr -- Smith, A B 3rd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1350-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17773604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 9
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    Multiple light-scattering probes of foam structure and dynamics (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: The structure and dynamics of three-dimensional foams are probed quantitatively by exploiting the strong multiple scattering of light that gives foams their familiar white color. Approximating the propagation of light as a diffusion process, transmission measurements provide a direct probe of the average bubble size. A model for dynamic light scattering is developed that can be used to interpret temporal fluctuations in the intensity of multiply scattered light. The results identify previously unrecognized internal dynamics of the foam bubbles. These light-scattering techniques are direct, noninvasive probes of bulk foams and therefore should find wide use in the study of their properties.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Durian, D J -- Weitz, D A -- Pine, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):686-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17746666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 10
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    The potential for ozone depletion in the arctic polar stratosphere (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-31
    Description: The nature of the Arctic polar stratosphere is observed to be similar in many respects to that of the Antarctic polar stratosphere, where an ozone hole has been identified. Most of the available chlorine (HCl and ClONO(2)) was converted by reactions on polar stratospheric clouds to reactive ClO and Cl(2)O(2) throughout the Arctic polar vortex before midwinter. Reactive nitrogen was converted to HNO(3), and some, with spatial inhomogeneity, fell out of the stratosphere. These chemical changes ensured characteristic ozone losses of 10 to 15% at altitudes inside the polar vortex where polar stratospheric clouds had occurred. These local losses can translate into 5 to 8% losses in the vertical column abundance of ozone. As the amount of stratospheric chlorine inevitably increases by 50% over the next two decades, ozone losses recognizable as an ozone hole may well appear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brune, W H -- Anderson, J G -- Toohey, D W -- Fahey, D W -- Kawa, S R -- Jones, R L -- McKenna, D S -- Poole, L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1260-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17842951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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