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  • Chemistry  (23)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Nederland
  • 1985-1989  (23)
  • 1989  (23)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: RF-Bias Sputtered TiN-Coatings to Reduce Wear of Cast-Iron Piston RingsBy means of the reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering process TiN coatings with a thickness of 2.5 m̈m and 6 m̈m respectively, have been deposited onto piston rings made of cast iron.The coated piston rings have been tribologically tested using a model wear test, the so called short stroke test, which allows simultaneous testing of eight rings.This test method involves the most important stress features of the fired motor so that a good simulation of the stress conditions under which the piston rings and cylinder linings are working, is achieved. The results found with the short stroke test are compareable to those found with a fired test motor.The test was performed using TiN coated, uncoated and hardchromium electroplated cast iron rings.The reduction of the total wear of the rings and cylinder linings using a 6 m̈m thick TiN coating was 85° compared to the uncoated rings and 50° compared to the chromium coated rings.The adhesion of the TiN coatings is excellent and even the graphite inclusions on the cast iron surface did not lead to any adhesion failure of the coatings under the present stress conditions.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe des reaktiven Hochfrequenz-Magnetron-Kathodenzerstäbungsverfahrens wurden 2,5 m̈m und 6 m̈m starke TiN-Schichten auf Kolbenringen aus Grauguß abgeschieden.Zur Untersuchung der Gebrauchseigenschaften dieser Schichten unter den komplexen tribologischen Bedingungen, denen die Bauteilpaarung „Zylinderlaufbuchse - Kolbenring“ im gefeuerten Motor unterliegt, wurde ein außermotorisches Prüfverfahren herangezogen.Der sogenannte Kurz-Hub-Versuch bietet die Möglichkeit, bis zu acht Kolbenringe gleichzeitig zu testen.Die Beachtung der im gefeuerten Motor wirksamen Beanspruchungskomponenten erlaubt eine sehr genaue Simulation der dort vorliegenden Verhältnisse und ermöglicht mit Hilfe des Prüfversuchs, das Verschleißverhalten der Reibpaarung „Zylinder-Kolbenringlauffläche“ so zu bewerten, wie mit einem gefeuerten Prüfstandsmotor.Die TiN-beschichteten Ringe wurden mit unbeschichteten Graugußringen und mit hartverchromten Kolbenringen verglichen. Durch den Einsatz einer 6 m̈m starken TiN-Schicht konnte der lineare Gesamtverschleiß (Ring + Zylinder) gegenüber den unbeschichteten Ringen um 85° und gegenüber den hartverchromten Ringen um 50° verringert werden.Die Haftung der Schichten auf dem Grauguß erweist sich als sehr gut und wird auch durch Graphiteinlagerungen an der Ringoberfläche unter den vorliegenden Beanspruchungsbedingungen nicht beeinträchtigt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pack aluminizing of low alloyed steel: Metallurgical aspects of the coating procedure and coating reliability in high temperature serviceThis study concentrates on metallurgical aspects of the pack aluminizing coating procedure of a low alloyed 1% Cr½% Mo steel (13 CrMo 44) as well as on the coating reliability in high temperature service.It is reported, how the coating procedure can be optimized by controlling coating temperature and time as well as the composition of the powder mixture.In high temperature service a protective coating has to withstand diffusion and corrosion reactions. Creep and low cycle fatigue of a component also can result in coating failure.Optimized coatings on low alloyed steels withstand high temperature sulfidation up to 600°C, where no increase in layer thickness or decrease of aluminium concentration in the specimen surface occurs. Even after creep strains of six percent no cracks are found in the coating.Thermal cycling of coated specimens results in nucleation and growth of cracks in the coating and thus represents the life limiting damage process of aluminized low alloyed steel.
    Notes: In einer Fallstudie am Beispielk des niedriglegierten Stahles 13 CrMo 44 wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgezeigt, wie Schutzschichten auf Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen zunächst durch gezielte Einstellung der Beschichtungsparameter Pulvermischung, Beschichtungstemperatur und Beschichturgsdauer optimiert werden, wobei der metallographischen Analyse der Schutzschichten eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt (Abb. 11a).Die Schutzschicht muß im Hochtemperatureinsatz einem Beanspruchungskollektiv aus Diffusions- und Korrosionsreaktionen mit überlagerten mechanischen Beanspruchungen, wie Kriechen und thermische Ermüdung, standhalten (Abb. 11b). In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Beanspruchungskollektiv in seine Einzelkomponenten zerlegt. Es zeigte sich, daß Abdiffusion, Hochtemperatursulfidierung und Kriechen von einer optimierten Alitierschicht gut ertragen werden.Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen führen zu Ermüdungsrißbildung in Pulveraluminierschutzschichten und stellen daher einen sehr wichtigen, die Lebensdauer bestimmenden Bestandteil des Beanspruchungskollektivs im Hochtemperatureinsatz dar.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the corrosion fatigue behaviour at a super pure martensitic stainless steel X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in comparison to the soft martensitic stainless steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR in chloride containing aqueous media  -  Part 2: Corrosion fatigue tests and crack initiation mechanismsThe following report concerns the study of the corrosion fatigue behaviour of the soft martensitic steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR and the precipitation hardened X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in sodium solution in the temperature range between 20° and 150 °C and the determination of their general corrosion properties and the mechanism of crack propagation. Their corrosion fatigue limits were compared with each other. A comparision was also made between an electro-slag-remelted soft martensitic steel and a charge without an ESR aftertreatment. Microfractographical fracture and crack path investigation were carried out for interpretation of the experimental results.It was observed that in both super pure steels (soft martensitic and precipitation hardened) the oxidic inclusions are not responsible for the crack intiation, as it was found in the non ESR treated steels. In the 17-4 PH steel copper containing inclusions in the crack initiation areas were observed. In concentrated sodium solution pitting corrosion was found at both steels.
    Notes: Untersuchungen zum Schwingungsrißkorrosionsverhalten des weichmartensitischen Stahles X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESU und des Martensitaushärters X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in NaCl-haltigen Lösungen im Temperaturbereich zwischen 20° und 150 °C. Bestimmung der Korrosionseigenschaften und der Rißeinleitungsmechanismen. Vergleich zwischen einem Elektro-Schlacke-umgeschmolzenen Weichmartensiten und einer Charge, die nicht ESU-behandelt worden ist. Mikrofraktographische Bruch- und Rißverlaufsbeurteilung zur Deutung der Versuchsergebnisse.Die fraktographischen Untersuchungen ergaben, daß bei dem hochreinen weichmartensitischen und dem martensitaushärtenden Stahl oxidische Einschlüsse bei der Rißeinleitung keine Rolle spielen. Beim martensitaushärtenden Stahl wurden Cu-haltige Einschlüsse im Rißausgangsbereich nachgewiesen. In konzentrierter Salzlösung trat bei beiden Stählen Lochfraß auf, der rißinitiierend wirkte.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 28-31 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Electrophoresis ; Electrochromatography ; Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) ; Electroosmosis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In separation techniques, such as Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, separation is performed on the basis of differences in velocity of the various separands, making use of differences in k′ and/or effective mobility.While in chromatography the flow of the eluent is elementary, in electrophoretic techniques the electroosmotic flow is generally suppressed in order to avoid disturbing of the sample zone boundaries, which migrate with a maximal velocity of 10-3 m s-1. This holds especially for isotachophoretic separations, where separands migrate in consecutive zones with minimal detectable lengths of about 0.1 mm.If electroosmotic flow is applied as a transport mechanism, using capillaries as small as about 50 μm, linear velocities of the liquid flow can reach about 2 × 10-3 m s-1. Especially for ionic species with a low effective mobility, this velocity can be a multiple of the electrophoretic migration velocity in the separation compartment. Therefore, anionic, non-ionic, and cationic separands can migrate in the same direction.Depending on whether repulsive or attractive forces are operative, the electrophoretic separation power can be counteracted or favored. The separation mechanisms making use of (quasi)stationary phases are studied.Plotting the chromatographic behavior versus the electrophoretic shows transition areas to exist between the “purely” electrophoretic techniques and the “purely” chromatographic techniques.It must be stated that most of the recent publications in CZE, especially those with very narrow bore capillaries, can be allocated to the transition areas, sometimes with a strong chromatographic retention component.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 709-713 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; Column switching ; Dialysis ; Fully automated analysis ; Aflatoxin M1 in milk ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure has been developed for the automated determination of aflatoxin M1 in decreamed milk, by using on-line dialysis and subsequent trace enrichment on a reverse phase column. After foreflush to the analytical column the determination is performed with fluorescence detection. Fully automated analysis within 10 min is thus possible with reproducible dialysis recoveries above 50% (CV is 3.3%, n = 20) and detection levels of 50 ng/kg.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12 (1989), S. 793-796 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microcolumn liquid chromatography ; Flame photometric detection ; Organophosphorus compounds ; On-line preconcentration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The potential of an interface for the on-line coupling of microcolumn liquid chromatography (LC)and a flame photometric detector (FPD) has been further investigated. With the micro-LC/FPD system, relatively high-molecular-weight polar compounds such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, guanosine monophos- phate, glucose monophosphate, fructose monophosphate, and phytic acid were separated and selectively detected. In order to increase the sensitivity, on-line preconcentration with a microprecolumn inserted in the rotorof a Valcovalve has been applied. Preliminary results have shown that an injection volume of at least 500 1-11 water containing organophosphorus acids at a 5-50 ng/rnl concentration level is possible.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Polar solvents ; Coupled LC-GC ; Partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; Trace enrichment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Coupling column liquid chromatography and gas chromatography on-line is becoming more important in analytical chemistry. Especially when large amounts of polar solvents can be introduced into the gas chromatograph without any problem, the technique will offer new possibilities. With a DPTMDS retention gap, evaporation rates and flooded zones of some solvents have been determined. Two modes of operation using partially concurrent solvent evaporation conditions are discussed: (1) injecting a sample via a loop of an LC valve followed by introduction into the gas chromatograph with an LC pump; (2) trace enrichment on a precolumn followed by on-line desorption with n-propanol into the gas chromatograph. Preliminary results for a splitter system, inserted between the retention gap and the analytical column which allows a considerable increase of the evaporation rate are also presented.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the corrosion fatigue behaviour at a super pure martensitic stainless steel (X 5 CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH) in comparison to the soft martensitic stainless steel X 4 CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR in chloride containing aqueous media  -  Part 1: Corrosion investigations and stress corrosion tests to optimize the heat treatment according to the stress corrosion resistanceThe aim of this investigation was to improve the reliability of operation and the economy of corrosion fatigue stresses of structural elements, especially at elevated temperatures, by optimizing the material. This investigation is of great interest both to the industry and to related fields. It concerns the influence of a higher degree of purity achieved by the secondary metallurgical aftertreatment of soft martensitic steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR (ESR-electroslag remelting) in comparison to the corrosion fatigue behaviour of the precipitation hardening steel X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH, which was specially heat-treated with respect to stress corrosion cracking resistance.The stress corrosion was investigated for all heat-treatments of the 17-4 PH in 22% NaCl(pH3) solution. The precipitation hardening steel was most resistant to stress corrosion in concentrated NaCl-solution after a three-stage heat-treatment.There was no improvement of corrosion fatigue resistance after metallurgical aftertreatment of soft martensitic steel compared to the untreated material. This is due to the instable passive behaviour of the material which led to crack initiation, especially during the 150°C experiments, at chloride-induced places of pitting.The investigation of the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of both materials showed that the pH-value hardly influences corrosion restistance. An increase of the salt content leads to higher pitting induction. At temperatures of 80°C in a saturated NaCl-solution the material showed no corrosion resistance. In potentiokinetic investigations, a direct transition from the active area to the pitting potential was observed. In accordance with both the corrosion fatigue and the stress corrosion cracking investigations, it was found that pitting at the martensite precipitator starts primarily around Cu-containing or oxidic inclusions.
    Notes: Durch eine Optimierung der Werkstoffe sollte die Betriebssicheheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit von SwRK-beanspruchten Bauteilen, insbesondere bei erhöhten Temperaturen, verbessert werden. Deshalb wurde der Einfluß eines erhöhten Reinheitsgrades durch sekundärmetallurgische Nachbehandlung am elektroschlacke-umgeschmolzenen, weichmartensitischen Stahl X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESU ermittelt, sowie das SwRK-Verhalten des martensitaushärtenden Stahles X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH mit einem im Hinblick auf die Spannungsrißkorrosionsbeständigkeit gezielten Wärmebehandlungszustand untersucht.Die SpRK-Untersuchungen wurden für alle Wärmebehandlungszustände des 17-4 PH in 22% NaCl/pH3-Lösung, und bei einer Temperatur von 80 bis 150°C durchgeführt. Der martensitaushärtende Stahl zeigte mit einer dreistufigen Wärmebehandlung die höchste Beständigkeit gegen SpRK.Die metallurgische Nachbehandlung des weichmartensitischen Stahles brachte keine Verbesserung der SpRK-Beständigkeit gegenüber dem nicht behandelten Werkstoff. Dies ist durch das instabilpassive Verhalten des Werkstoffes bedingt, das insbesondere bei den 150°C-Versuchen zur Rißeinleitung an chlorid-induzierten Lochfraßstellen führt.Die Untersuchung des elektrochemischen Korrosionsverhaltens beider Werkstoffe zeigte, daß der pH-Wert nur einen geringen Einfluß auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit hat. Ein Erhöhen des Salzgehaltes führt zu einer gesteigerten Lochfraßinduzierung. Bei Temperaturen von 80°C in gesättigter NaCl-Lösung kann nicht mehr von einem Passivbereich gesprochen werden. In potentiodynamischen Untersuchungen war ein direkter Übergang vom Aktivbereich zum Lochfraßpotential zu beobachten. Auch hier konnte in Einklang mit den SwRK- (Teil II) und SpRK-Untersuchungen festgestellt werden, daß ein frühzeitiger Ausfall des 17-4 PH eintritt, wenn Cu-haltige bzw. Oxidische Einschlüsse an der Oberfläche vorhanden sind.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 4 (1989), S. 484-499 
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Keywords: Luminescence ; chromatography ; detection ; quantitative analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An overview is presented of the physicochemical basis of luminescence, and its application to the detection of chemicals (drugs, biomedically important compounds, environmentally active substances) in liquid chromatographic systems.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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