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  • Bone
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • bioavailability
  • seaweed
  • Springer  (255)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: zimelidine ; norzimelidine ; antidepressants ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The systemic availability of a new antidepressant, zimelidine, and of its pharmacologically active metabolite, norzimelidine, was studied in six healthy male volunteers. Three single doses of zimelidine (25 mg and 100 mg orally and 25 mg i.v.) and two single doses of norzimelidine (25 mg orally and i. v.) were given to each volunteer allowing at least seven days between administrations. Plasma concentrations of zimelidine and norzimelidine were determined in serial blood samples by HPLC. Following oral zimelidine peak plasma concentrations of the metabolite were attained about 3 h after dosing. Oral administration of norzimelidine itself resulted in a plasma concentration profile for this compound that was similar to that observed after oral zimelidine. Utilising the plasma concentration data following intravenous infusion of each compound, the elimination half-lives for zimelidine and norzimelidine were calculated to be 5.1 h (range 4.3–6.0) and 15.5 h (range 10.6–22.9) respectively. The total body clearances of the 2 compounds were similar at 0.52 l · min−1 (range 0.26–0.70) for zimelidine and 0.56 l · min−1 (range 0.28–0.83) for norzimelidine. The substantially longer elimination half-life of norzimelidine was apparently the result of a larger volume of distribution (9.4 l · kg−1; range 7.8–11.4) for this metabolite, as compared to zimelidine (3.21 · kg−1; range 1.6–4.9). The calculated bioavailability of zimelidine was 26% (range 9.1–39) after the 25 mg oral dose, and 29% (range 14–46) after the 100 mg dose. The bioavailability of norzimelidine was 66% (range 36–91). However, oral administration of zimelidine resulted in as much or more norzimelidine reaching the systemic circulation, as the oral administration of norzimelidine itself. This is important as a large part of the activity of the drug may be due to the metabolite.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Properties ; Deproteination ; Hydrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode, utilisant 95% d'hydrazine, permet de déprotéiniser et de déshydrater légèrement l'os dans des conditions presqu'anhydres, avec une élévation de température modérée. Cette méthode ne provoque que des modifications chimiques mineures, sans altération des propriétés structurales de la phase minérale. Les résultats physico-chimiques démontrent que bien que les cristaux d'os de rat sont viosins de cristaux synthétiques témoins constitués dans des milieux, riches en carbonate plutôt qu'en hydroxyde, l'apatite osseux de rat ne parait pas analogue à des modèles cristallins connus ou imaginés. Des déterminations de bande infra-rouge CO 3 2− , réalisées à partir de spectre d'os total, semblent faussées par la présence de bandes d'absorption protéique. L'absorption d'HPO 4 2− est étudiée à l'aide de spectres infra-rouges de minéral osseux de jeunes rats. Des comparaisons détaillées en diffraction par raysons X d'os déprotéinisé de rats, avant et après hydrolyse, démontrent nettement la présence de phosphate de calcium amorphe. La microscopie électronique indique que de petits cristaux d'apatite dans l'os de rat sont susceptibles de contribuer au pool minéral amorphe en diffraction en rayons X. La microscopie électronique montre des plages de minéral osseux de rat où des cristaux d'apatite en forme de plaque, présentent une maille cristalline avec axe C malgré l'élimination de leur matrice fibreuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, wobei durch Anwendung von 95% Hydrazin ohne Wasserzugabe und mit nur geringem Erhitzen dem Knochen das gesamte Protein und ein kleiner Teil des Wassers entzogen wird. Diese Methode führte nur zu geringen chemischen Veränderungen und veränderte die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Mineralphase in keiner Weise. Physikochemische Daten wurden erbracht, welche zeigen, daß — obwohl die Kristalle von Rattenknochen den synthetischen Kontrollen (in Karbonat- und nicht hydroxydreichen Medien hergestellt) eher gleichen — Apatit aus Rattenknochen nicht auf sinnvolle Weise mittels bekannten oder postulierten Kristallmodellen interpretiert werden kann. CO 3 2− -Infrarotbandenzuteilungen, welche von Spektren aus dem Gesamtknochen gemacht wurden, geben wegen der Anwesenheit von Proteinabsorptionsbändern falsche Resultate. Die Absorption von HPO 4 2− wurde in den Infrarotspektren von Knochenmineral aus jungen Ratten beobachtet. Ein Vergleich der detaillierten Röntgendiffraktion von deproteinisiertem Rattenknochen vor und nach der Hydrolyse wies deutlich auf die Anwesenheit von amorphem Calciumphosphat hin. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte kleine Apatitkristalle im Rattenknochen, welche zum Gesamtmineralpool beitragen könnten, der bei der Röntgendiffraktion amorph ist. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte auch Gebiete im Rattenknochenmineral, wo plättchenartige Apatitkristalle eine deutlichec-Achsenorientierung beibehielten, obwohl ihre fibröse Matrix entfernt worden war.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described employing 95% hydrazine which completely deproteinates and slightly dehydrates bone under nearly anhydrous conditions with only moderate heating. This method induced only minor chemical changes and no alterations in structural properties of the mineral phase. Physicochemical data are presented demonstrating that although rat bone crystals more closely resemble synthetic controls made in carbonate-rather than hydroxide-rich media, rat bone apatite cannot be interpreted in terms of known or postulated crystal models in any meaningful fashion. CO 3 2− infrared band assignments made from spectra of whole bone are shown to be in error due to the presence of protein absorption bands. Absorotion of HPO 4 2− was observed in infrared spectra of young rat bone mineral. Detailed X-ray diffraction comparisons of deproteinated rat bone before and after hydrolysis clearly demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Electron microscopy indicated that very small apatite crystals were present in rat bone which might also contribute to the overall mineral pool amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy also showed domains in rat bone mineral where plate-like apatite crystals maintained a netc-axis orientation despite the removal of their fibrous matrix.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials research innovations 3 (2000), S. 313-323 
    ISSN: 1433-075X
    Keywords: Keywords Glass ; Cell cycle ; Genes ; Bone ; Bioactive materials ; Osteogenesis ; Prostheses ; Omplants ; Ageing ; Osteoblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Many of the present generation biomaterials are still based upon the early concept that implantable materials should be bioinert and therefore designed to evoke minimal tissue response, if none. However, a growing body of clinical data demonstrates that the long survivability of these materials is hampered by high rates of failure, which is primarily attributed to interfacial instability. It has therefore become understood that this approach is not optimal. Modern approaches implicate the use of biomaterials that can actively interact with tissues and induce their intrinsic repair and regenerative potential. This involves control over the cell cycle, the molecular framework that controls cell proliferation and differentiation. Class A bioactive glass-ceramic materials were the first materials shown to endorse these properties and, depending upon the rate of resorption and release of ions, can create chemical gradients with specific biological actions over cells and tissues. Optimising this bioactive regenerative capacity of Bioactive glass-ceramics offers great hope for producing biomaterials that can stimulate growth, repair, and regeneration of any human tissue.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Hydroxide ; Carbonate ; Infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de spectres infra-rouges montre que le minéral osseux de jeune rat et les apatites synthétiques, formés à des pH, force ionique et température physiologiques sont très déficients en ion OH; ces apatites biologiques et synthétiques présentent d'importants défauts internes de maille. En outre, une proportion significative des ions CO3 2- de mineral osseux de rat est structurée de façon lâche dans un environnement amorphe ou superficiel. Les ions carbonate dans l'os chauffé sous vide ou dans les apatites synthétiques formés à pH physiologique paraissent être situés dans des environnements locaux multiples. Le CO3 2- contenu dans ces structures peut se substituer dans des positions PO4 3- et (à un degré moindre) OH−, bien que des variations importantes de ou dans ces positions sont dues à des défauts de maille. Les carbonato-apatites, formés par transformation thermique (600o) de phosphates calciques amorphes et contenant 4–9% de CO3 2-, présentent surtout du CO3 2- dans des environnements OH−. Une recristallisation thermique des apatites biologiques et synthétiques, dans une atmosphère d'air, augmente le contenu en OH− et redispose les positions CO3 2-. Cependant, de telles formations bien cristallisées sont différentes des précurseurs apatitiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektroskopie ergab, daß sowohl natives Rattenknochenmineral als auch synthetische Apatite, welche bei physiologischem pH, Ionenstärke und Temperatur gebildet wurden, an Hydroxydionen stark defizient sind. Es ist ebenfalls ersichtlich, daß diese biologischen und synthetischen Apatitkristalle beträchtliche innere Verzerrungen aufweisen (Gitterdefekte). Weiterhin zeigt ein bedeutender Anteil der CO3 2--Ionen im Rattenknochenmineral eine lockere Struktur in amorpher Umgebung oder an der Oberfläche. In Vakuumerhitzem Knochen oder in synthetischen Apatit (mit physiologischem pH), welches in der Lösung gebildet wurde, scheinen sich die Carbonationen in verschiedenen Umgebungen zu finden. CO3 2- im Inneren dieser Stoffe kann in PO4 3--und (in viel kleineren Mengen) OH−-Positionen ausgetauscht werden, obwohl eine beträchtliche Abweichung von und innerhalb dieser Stellen wahrscheinlich auf Gitterdefekte zurückzuführen ist. Carbonat-Apatite, welche durch die thermische Umwandlung (600°C) von 4–9% CO3 2- enthaltendem amorphem Calciumphosphat gebildet wurden, zeigen in erster Linie in OH−-Umgebung CO3 2-. Die thermische Umkristallisierung von biologischen und synthetischen Apatiten in einer Luftatmosphäre erhöht den OH−-Gehalt und verteilt die CO3 2--Lokalisationen neu. Solche sehr schön kristallisierten Produkte spiegeln jedoch durchaus nicht ihre nativen Apatitvorbilder wider.
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectral data indicate that both native rat bone mineral and synthetic apatites formed at physiological pH, ionic strength and temperature are extensively deficient in hydroxide ion content; the data also indicate that these biological and synthetic apatites contain considerable internal distortions (lattice defects). In addition, a significant portion of the CO3 2- ions in rat bone mineral is loosely-structured in either an amorphous or surface environment. Carbonate ions in vacuum-heated bone or solution-ripened synthetic (physiological pH) apatites appear to be in multiple local environments. Internal CO3 2- in these materials may be substituted in PO4 3- and (in much lesser amounts) OH− positions, although considerable deviation from or within these sites is probable due to lattice defects. Carbonateapatites produced by thermal conversion (600o) of amorphous calcium phosphates containing 4–9% CO3 2- exhibit CO3 2- mainly in OH− environments. Thermal recrystallization of biological and synthetic apatites in an air atmosphere increases OH− content and reorganizes CO3 2- locales. However, such extremely well-crystallized products are not at all representative of their native apatitic precursors.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histomorphometry ; Bone ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To study bone histomorphometry reproducibility in normal subjects, we performed during orthopedic surgery bone biopsies in 16 post-menopausal women. Each woman had four bone biopsies, two at the usual site in the iliac crest, one on the left and one on the right side, and two other biopsies just behind the usual site, one at each side. We performed measurements of trabecular bone volume, relative osteoid volume, osteoid surfaces, osteoclastic resorption surfaces and calcification front. The average values of the 16 patients were compared, on the one hand, two by two, by a student test, and on the other hand, by a variance analysis. By these two methods the results showed no significant difference between the average values of the 16 patients at each location for any of the histomorphometric parameters studied. However, there was a location variation which was estimated by the intra-individual variation for a given patient. On the other hand, we calculated from the variance analysis the location variance for a group of 10 to 100 patients. In any case all the parameters had a location variation which was high for osteoclastic resorption surfaces and relative osteoid volume when expressed in % of the absolute value of these parameters. The variation of the trabecular bone volume was 0–46. 15% (95% confident limit interval) in a single patient and the hypothetical value of the location variation was 41.6% for a group of 10 patients and 13.0% for a group of 100 patients.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Methylprednisolone ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; clinical response ; pulse steroid therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A commercially available 1.0 g intravenous (i.v.) dosage formulation of methylprednisolone, as the sodium hemisuccinate salt (Solu MedrolR, Upjohn) was administered both parenterally and orally (pulse steroid therapy) on separate occasions, to eight elderly (mean 65 y) patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. The relative oral bioavailability of the sterol was 69.2%. Elimination of methylprednisolone was prolonged when given orally; the mean residence times were 7.23 h and 3.94 h for oral and i.v. administrations, respectively. Clinical response to pulse steroid therapy was no different with respect to route of administration. There were no significant differences in standard clinical and laboratory assessments of disease activity when the two therapies were compared. Oral administration of methylprednisolone in patients requiring high-dose pulse steroid therapy is convenient and avoids the discomfort and inconvenience associated with i.v. administration.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 251-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: medigoxin ; digoxin ; dissolution rate ; proportionality ; bioavailability ; prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compared our ability to predict the dose of medigoxin and of digoxin required to achieve a fixed serum concentration (the dose requirement) in 33 outpatients. Preliminary work supported the assumptions that the steady state glycoside concentration achieved was proportional to the daily dose given to an individual, and that the bioavailability of the different tablet presentations was similar for either glycoside. We were not able to predict the dose requirement from patient characteristics with any more certainty for medigoxin than for digoxin. Not only the between-patient variability in dose requirement, but also the within-patient variability, was similar for the two glycosides. However the digoxin used had a dissolution rate of over 90% in 1 h. When comparing medigoxin with digoxin of lower, or more variable dissolution rate, medigoxin may be preferable.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; asthma ; children ; sustained-release ; diurnal ; absorption ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absolute oral bioavailability of a sustained release theophylline tablet (Nuelin-SR250), given 12 hourly was determined in 14 asthmatic children aged 5 to 13 years. In 4 of the patients, mean bioavailability of the fourth dose was 38.9±8.4% and that of the sixth dose was 67.9±25.9% (p〈0.05) in the other ten patients. This suggests steady-state had not been achieved after four doses. In the initial study with 9 patients, a significant diurnal variation in predose plasma theophylline concentrations was observed, as the mean morning predose concentrations were 2.9 fold greater than the mean evening predose concentrations (p〈0.005). Dual peak plasma concentrations occurred in 5 out of the 9 patients. The mechanism of this diurnal variation was investigated in a further 5 asthmatic children (10.8 years ±1.6). Morning and night steady-state plasma theophylline concentrations during a continuous intravenous infusion of aminophylline were not different (14.9±5.3 mg/l vs. 15.6±5.9 mg/l), demonstrating that there was no diurnal variation in the plasma clearance of theophylline. The diurnal variation in predose concentrations with Neulin-SR250 was confirmed with the morning concentrations again being 2.6 fold greater than those in the evening. However, bioavailability was not significantly different for day (09.00–21.00) and night (21.00–09.00) dosing intervals after doses 6 and 7 respectively of Nuelin-SR250. The plasma concentration versus time profiles suggested that the diurnal variation in predose concentrations was due to slower absorption of the evening dose.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 261-265 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Procainamide ; slow release formulations ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Procainamide was given to 20 patients with normal renal function as an i.v. bolus of 500 mg followed by 1.0 or 1.5 g eight-hourly by mouth in the form of a slow release preparation (Durules). 97.6±27.1 (SD)% of the oral procainamide was absorbed, the absorption half life being 1.54 h. The elimination half life following the oral formulation was 6.0±0.8 h, compared to a mean of 3.4±0.4 h following i.v. administration. Elimination half life following i.v. administration was slightly related to acetylator status, being 2.75±0.9 h in fast acetylators, and 4.4±2.4 h in slow acetylators. This dependence on acetylator status was not seen in half life following oral administration. Total body clearance, steady state plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide were not significantly dependent on acetylator status, although a few patients who are slow acetylators had unexpectedly low clearance and high steady state procainamide concentrations when given the higher dose.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; glyceollin ; phytoalexin ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation in root nodules formed by strain 2143 ofBradyrhizobium japonicum andGlycine max (L.) Merr. cv Williams 82 reaches a maximum at 21 to 28 days postinoculation and then begins to decline. The phytoalexin, glyceollin, accumulates in nodules coincident with the decline in nitrogen fixation. Nodules formed by strain 3122, which are unable to fix nitrogen, accumulate even higher levels of glyceollin and do so beginning 21 days postinoculation even though these nodules contain no recoverable bacteria. The typical phytoalexin response occurs within days of infection. The mechanism by which this response in theBradyrhizobium japonicum-soybean combination is delayed 2 to 3 weeks after infection is presently unknown but phytoalexin accumulation could contribute to the inability of the soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum combination to maintain high levels of nitrogen fixation throughout the growing season.
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