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  • Dendroctonus brevicomis
  • Maize
  • pheromone
  • Springer  (14)
  • Annual Reviews
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 1980-1984  (14)
  • 1982  (3)
  • 1980  (11)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (14)
  • Annual Reviews
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Springer Science + Business Media
Years
  • 1980-1984  (14)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips pini ; pheromone ; ipsdienol ; enantiomer ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Air containing volatile compounds from around maleIps pini boring in ponderosa pine logs from California was condensed, fractionated by GC, and assayed in the laboratory and field. The only fraction that showed consistent activity in laboratory assays contained a single compound identified as ipsdienol (2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-4-ol). Synthetic racemic ipsdienol showed no activity in either the laboratory or field. However, (−)-ipsdienol, the naturally occurring enantiomer, was attractive toI. pini in the laboratory and field, whereas (+)-ipsdienol interrupted the response ofI. pini to a natural source of attraction in field tests. (−)-Ipsdienol is a major component of the attractant pheromone of this species, since its level of activity in laboratory assays was quantitatively comparable to that of the condensed volatiles, and it was as attractive as maleI. pini boring in ponderosa pine in the field. (+)-Ipsdienol is a component of the pheromone of the competing species,I. paraconfusus.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Ips paraconfusus ; Pinus ponderosa ; bark beetle ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene ; verbenone ; trans-verbenol ; attractants ; inhibition ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ponderosa pine logs infested withIps paraconfusus males inhibited the attraction ofDendroctonus brevicomis in the field to either attractive logs cut from a ponderosa pine tree under attack byD. brevicomis or to their synthetic pheromones,exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene. Logs cut from trees under attack byD. brevicomis inhibited the response ofI. paraconfusus to logs infested with maleI. paraconfusus.Exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene did not inhibit their response but verbenone did. Verbenone was found in maleD. brevicomis dissected from attractive logs under attack during the same time the response ofI. paraconfusus was inhibited by these logs.Trans-verbenol andexo-brevicomin were found in femaleD. brevicomis while verbenone,trans-verbenol, and frontalin were found in maleD. brevicomis in relatively large amounts near the beginning of the aggregation phase of host colonization. All of these compounds had decreased at a similar rate 5 days later. This gradual decrease inexo-brevicomin and frontalin probably caused the observed reduction in attraction. The ecological significance of these compounds in relation to termination of the aggregation phase ofD. brevicomis and reduction of interspecific competition is discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ponderosa pine mortality ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aerial photography ; detection ; estimation ; sampling ; mapping ; attractive pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sequential aerial photography was used to detect ponderosa pine trees killed by successive generations of the western pine beetle (WPB),Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec., over a three-year period during a study to evaluate the effectiveness of attractive pheromones for the suppression and survey of WPB. The total number of WPB-killed trees were estimated for each generation, using probability-proportional-to-size sampling procedures. Infested trees at the beginning of the suppression treatment totaled 283. Attacks by three successive WPB generations in 1970 killed 90,83, and 91 trees, respectively. The first generation in 1971 killed 47 trees and the two subsequent generations combined killed a total of 49 trees. During the suppression treatment, tree mortality was concentrated into the suppression plots in comparison to the check plots and the surrounding area. By 1972, tree mortality distribution returned to its original pattern, but at one-tenth the original level, as shown by maps. Recommendations suggest ways to improve the use of aerial photography for studies of WPB-caused tree mortality and population dynamics.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphids ; Myzus persicae ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; pheromone ; alarm pheromone ; behavior ; (E)-β-farnesene ; nerolidol ; dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-β-Farnesene, the major component of the alarm pheromone of many aphids, is prepared in 65% yield by passing commercial nerolidol through an evacuated column of alumina, treated with pyridine, at 200° C. The product is stored without air and applied to aphids as vapor at low speed (ca. 230 mm/sec) in air or nitrogen. The response of eight economically important aphid species was assessed in the laboratory; over 90% ofMyzus persicae responded in a large scale trial.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cereal ; Green gram ; Groundnut ; Improved nodulation ; Inoculation ; Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis ; Maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In cereal-legume crop rotation system, better Rhizobium symbiosis was obtained by double inoculation,i.e., when the preceeding cereal crop of maize was also inoculated with the same Rhizobium strain, used to inoculate the following legume crop of green gram or groundnut.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Azotobacter ; Alluvial soil ; Available nitrogen ; Available phosphorus ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Green gram ; Maize ; Mulching ; Organic matter ; Recyling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic mulching on the nutrient status, microbiological properties and the yield of maize and green gram crops. Soil organic carbon and humin and humus carbon of the fallow and the cropped soils were augmented by mulching. More of nitrogen, available phosphorus and ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen were found in mulched soils. Soil reaction was not affected by mulching. Mulched treatments maintained more of soil moisture and soil temperature lowered during summer and rainy seasons. Population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and Azotobacter were augmented in mulched treatments at all the stages of sampling. Mulching significantly increased the grain and straw yield of both the crops. The nitrogen uptake by grain was higher in mulched than in the unmulched treatments.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia-fixation ; Fulvic acids ; Humic acids ; Maize ; N-fertiler ; Sorghum ; Tropical soils ; West Indies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Cuando se aplicaron tasas moderades de nitrógeno se observó una rápida y muy variable proporción de fijacion de NH4 + en las arcillas durante incubaciones de varias semanas en el laboratorio. Los valores de fijación iban de 10 a 70% del NH4 + añadido. Las arcillas del tipo 2:1 fueron las que mostraron mayor actividad y el proceso se completé en una semana desqués de la fertilización., La fijación aumentó con la tasa de aplicación de N amonical y fué mayor a altas temperaturas en aquellos suelos que se sometieron a secado durante la incubación. La fijación de amonio fué asi mismo mayor en las fracciones fulvicas de la materia orgáncica que en las húmicas (25–29%vs 0–3% del NH4 + añadido, respectivamente). Hubo poca incorporación de nitrógeno proveniente del fertilizante en las fracciones nitrogenadas de la materia orgáanica del suelo. La absorción del NH4 añadido en experimentos en potes bajo condiciones de invernadero, fueé mayor cuando se aplicaron 40 kg NH4 +-N ha−1 que cuando se aplicarion 200 kg NH4 +-N ha−1 aSorghum sudanense. Sin embrago la recuperación fue bja, entre 10 y 25% del total aplicado. En experimentos de campo con maiz el nitrógeno proveniente de la aplicacíon de úrea se perdió rapidamente en sue los tropicales húmedos recuperándose solo cerca de la mitad del total aplicado (100 kg úrea-N ha−1). La adición de material vegetal al suelo no alteró significativamente el comporaminento del nitrógeno aplicado aunque si aumentó los rendimentos en cultivos de secano, probablemente debido a efectos de conservación de agua. Existe una buena evidencia de que en Trinidad la utilización de nitroógeno amonical es mejor y menos sujeta a pérdidas no identificadas que las aplicaciones de úrea. La ferdtilización nitrogenada produjo importanes incrementos en la absorción del nitrógeno nativo del suelo. Los Andepts del Carbe mostraron una notable baja capacidad de fijación de NH4 + bajo todas las condiciones experimentales y poca tendencia a la nitrificación del nitrógeno añadido.
    Notes: Abstract NH4 +-fixation by inorganic and organic soil components and crop utilization of fertilier nitrogen was studied in a number of Carbbean soils using15N fertilizers. At moderate rates of nitrogen application, NH4 +-fixation by clays during several-week laboratory incubations was rapid and highly vaiable, ranging from less than 10% to over 70% of the NH4 + added. The 2: 1 lattice types were the most reactive, and the process were almost complete by one week after fertilization. Fixation increased with rate of NH4 +-N application and was higher at elevated temperatures in soils that were allowed to air-dry during incubation. NH4 +-N fixation was more active in the fulvic fractions of the soil organic matter than in the humuc fractions (25–69%vs0–3% of the added NH4 + was fixed in each, respectively). There was little incorporation of fertilizer-N by the N-containing fractions of soil organic matter. Plant uptake of added NH4 +-N in greenhouse pot experiments showed that a greater percentalte of fertilizer-N was taken up by Sudan grass (Sourghum sudanese) at a fertilizer rate of 40 kg NH4 +-N ha−1 than at a rate of 200n kg NH4 +N ha−1. howver, the recovery was low, ranging from 10 to 25 percent of that applied. In field experiments with maize (Zea mays), urea-N was rapidly lost when applied to soils in a wet tropical environment. At normal rates of application (100 kg urea-N ha−1) only about half of the fertilizer was utilized by the crop. Mulches did not significantly affect the fate of added nitrogen; however, mulching did result in increased yields for dry-season cropping, due probably to water conservation effects. There is good indication that for conditions in Trinidad, NH4 +-N is better utilzed and less subject to unidentified losses than is urea. Addition of fertilizer-N resulted in crop uptake of important quantities of native soil nitrogen. The Caribbean Andepts were outstanding in that the showed very little NH4 +-fixation under all experimental conditions and very little tendency for apparent nitrification of added NH4 +-N.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; pheromone ; alarm pheromone ; farnesenes ; pinenes ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of single cornicle droplets from six species of aphid showed the presence of volatile components in addition to (E)-β-farnesene. Compounds identified included (Z,E)-α- and (E,E)-α-farnesene forMyzus persicae and α- and β-pinene forMegoura viciae. WithMegoura viciae, (−)-α-pinene was most important for alarm activity. The major component of the alarm pheromone ofPhorodon humuli was (E)-β-farnesene even though farnesenes are present in the summer hostHumulus lupulus.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Dendrocionus ; Ips ; pheromone ; colonization ; attraction ; inhibition ; behavioral interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemically mediated behavioral interactions among four species of Scolytidae cohabitingPinus taeda in east Texas appear to be significant in delineating breeding areas within trees and in influencing the sequence of colonization.Dendroctonus frontalis usually arrived first and was not attracted to logs occupied by any of the threeIps species (I. avulsus, I. calligraphus, andI. grandicollis). The response ofI. avulsus to conspecific males was enhanced by the simultaneous presence of actively boring maleI. grandicollis. The response ofIps calligraphus was inhibited in areas whereI. avulsus was also present, but, in turn,I. calligraphus inhibited the response ofI. grandicollis and attractedI. avulsus. Ips grandicollis was strongly inhibited by the simultaneous presence of femaleD. frontalis or maleI. calligraphus, and in turn, maleI. grandicollis inhibitedD. frontalis. The result of this highly interactive olfactory system is that host trees are colonized very rapidly and that, in the process, disadvantageous reproductive interactions are minimized.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Temnochila chlorodia ; pheromone ; kairomone ; exo-bievicomm ; frontalin ; trans-ver-benol ; verbenone ; terpenes ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Trogositidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brev-icomis LeConte) andTemnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) to candidate attractants—exo- andendo-brevicomm, frontalin,trans-verbenol, ver-benone, and ponderosa pine turpentine and its major monoterpene components—were quantified by counts of beetles on traps baited with the various attractants, singly and in combinations released simultaneously. Combinations ofexo-brevicomin and frontalin plus a monoterpene or turpentine were the most attractive toD. brevicomis. The responses to these attractant combinations were reduced when verbenone plustrans-verbenol were present. All single compounds and binary mixtures, exceptexo-brevicomin plus frontalin, were much less attractive.exo-Brevicomin was most attractive toT. chlorodia, and this response appeared to decrease when verbenone plustrans-verbenol were present.
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