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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 11 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Root nodule organogenesis is described. Plant regulated aspects of nodulation and N2 fixation are reviewed and discussed. Since the effective N2 fixing symbiosis requires the interaction of the host plant and bacterium in an appropriate environment (the rhizosphere and the root nodule) it is essential that research aimed at improving N2 fixation involve a knowledge and understanding of the plant genes that affect nodule development, growth, and function. Current knowledge of host plant genes involved in N2 fixation is summarized. Various experimental approaches to the study of the host plant's contribution to nodulation are noted. The functions of nodule specific proteins (nodulins) in symbiosis are delineated. Future areas of research are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Colocasia esculenta var.esculenta ; crop uptake ; 15N ; soil management ; tropical soils ; urea ; Vertisols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vertisols are an important natural resource, particularly in the developing world, but a greater understanding of their chemical characteristics with special reference to the fate of applied N is needed for their greater sustainable use. The Bejucal clay (Chromic Dystraquerts, very fine, mixed, acid) is an important agricultural soil in North Trinidad and a series of studies were undertaken on it to determine the optimum rate and the best time of application and to quantify the efficiency of applied N using CO(NH2)2-15N and taro, commonly called dasheen locally, (Colocasia esculenta var.esculenta), as a test crop. The optimum rate was found to be 280 kg N ha−1 for corm production from a field experiment, laid out in a randomised incomplete block design. This corresponded to an apparent recovery at 10 per cent when CO(NH2)2 was applied at 14 days after planting (DAP). Generally, a decrease in N uptake with increasing levels and later application times was observed. Another field experiment which employed15N applied at 14, 56, and 112 DAP showed that15N applied at 112 DAP corresponded to the highest15N level in the plant tissue. A green house experiment conducted to determine the efficiency of the use of the applied N showed the highest recovery of approximately 49 per cent at a rate equilavent to 280 kg N ha−1 with efficiencies of 43 and 40 per cent at the 140 and 420 kg N ha−1 of applied N levels, respectively. A single application at 14 DAP resulted in an efficiency of 41 per cent compared to 44 and 47 per cent for the 2 split and 3 split applications, respectively. Split applications increased N uptake but without a corresponding increase in yield. These studies showed that N applied as CO(NH2)2 at 280 kg N ha−1 at 14 DAP is optimum for upland taro production under conditions of the Bejucal clay. Under normal field conditions surface washing may be the most important N loss pathway but when excessive fertilizers are used then the gaseous pathways may also contribute to N losses.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia-fixation ; Fulvic acids ; Humic acids ; Maize ; N-fertiler ; Sorghum ; Tropical soils ; West Indies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Cuando se aplicaron tasas moderades de nitrógeno se observó una rápida y muy variable proporción de fijacion de NH4 + en las arcillas durante incubaciones de varias semanas en el laboratorio. Los valores de fijación iban de 10 a 70% del NH4 + añadido. Las arcillas del tipo 2:1 fueron las que mostraron mayor actividad y el proceso se completé en una semana desqués de la fertilización., La fijación aumentó con la tasa de aplicación de N amonical y fué mayor a altas temperaturas en aquellos suelos que se sometieron a secado durante la incubación. La fijación de amonio fué asi mismo mayor en las fracciones fulvicas de la materia orgáncica que en las húmicas (25–29%vs 0–3% del NH4 + añadido, respectivamente). Hubo poca incorporación de nitrógeno proveniente del fertilizante en las fracciones nitrogenadas de la materia orgáanica del suelo. La absorción del NH4 añadido en experimentos en potes bajo condiciones de invernadero, fueé mayor cuando se aplicaron 40 kg NH4 +-N ha−1 que cuando se aplicarion 200 kg NH4 +-N ha−1 aSorghum sudanense. Sin embrago la recuperación fue bja, entre 10 y 25% del total aplicado. En experimentos de campo con maiz el nitrógeno proveniente de la aplicacíon de úrea se perdió rapidamente en sue los tropicales húmedos recuperándose solo cerca de la mitad del total aplicado (100 kg úrea-N ha−1). La adición de material vegetal al suelo no alteró significativamente el comporaminento del nitrógeno aplicado aunque si aumentó los rendimentos en cultivos de secano, probablemente debido a efectos de conservación de agua. Existe una buena evidencia de que en Trinidad la utilización de nitroógeno amonical es mejor y menos sujeta a pérdidas no identificadas que las aplicaciones de úrea. La ferdtilización nitrogenada produjo importanes incrementos en la absorción del nitrógeno nativo del suelo. Los Andepts del Carbe mostraron una notable baja capacidad de fijación de NH4 + bajo todas las condiciones experimentales y poca tendencia a la nitrificación del nitrógeno añadido.
    Notes: Abstract NH4 +-fixation by inorganic and organic soil components and crop utilization of fertilier nitrogen was studied in a number of Carbbean soils using15N fertilizers. At moderate rates of nitrogen application, NH4 +-fixation by clays during several-week laboratory incubations was rapid and highly vaiable, ranging from less than 10% to over 70% of the NH4 + added. The 2: 1 lattice types were the most reactive, and the process were almost complete by one week after fertilization. Fixation increased with rate of NH4 +-N application and was higher at elevated temperatures in soils that were allowed to air-dry during incubation. NH4 +-N fixation was more active in the fulvic fractions of the soil organic matter than in the humuc fractions (25–69%vs0–3% of the added NH4 + was fixed in each, respectively). There was little incorporation of fertilizer-N by the N-containing fractions of soil organic matter. Plant uptake of added NH4 +-N in greenhouse pot experiments showed that a greater percentalte of fertilizer-N was taken up by Sudan grass (Sourghum sudanese) at a fertilizer rate of 40 kg NH4 +-N ha−1 than at a rate of 200n kg NH4 +N ha−1. howver, the recovery was low, ranging from 10 to 25 percent of that applied. In field experiments with maize (Zea mays), urea-N was rapidly lost when applied to soils in a wet tropical environment. At normal rates of application (100 kg urea-N ha−1) only about half of the fertilizer was utilized by the crop. Mulches did not significantly affect the fate of added nitrogen; however, mulching did result in increased yields for dry-season cropping, due probably to water conservation effects. There is good indication that for conditions in Trinidad, NH4 +-N is better utilzed and less subject to unidentified losses than is urea. Addition of fertilizer-N resulted in crop uptake of important quantities of native soil nitrogen. The Caribbean Andepts were outstanding in that the showed very little NH4 +-fixation under all experimental conditions and very little tendency for apparent nitrification of added NH4 +-N.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twenty four plots, each 2.0 m2 in area, were established on St. Augustine loam soil series as field plots and microplots (containing lysimeters) in a completely randomised block design of four treatments (mulched fertilized, unmulched fertilized microplots; mulched fertilized and unmulched fertilized field plots), replicated three times. Labelled (15N) and unlabelled (NH2)2CO fertilizer were applied at rates of 400 kg N ha−1 and CaH2PO4 and KCl were applied at rates of 100 and 150 g ha−1 respectively to the field plots and microplots. Mulch (bagasse) was maintained to a depth of two cm and the plots were kept bare with regular applications of gramoxone. The maximum depth of leaching as measured by diffusion of NO 3 − −15N in both the dry and wet seasons was 30 cm. The potential for downward movement of water and NO 3 − −15N was low in the wet season because high intensity rainfall followed high soil moisture contents. Effects of mulching, on the mobility of applied N fertilizers were inconclusive. Infiltration rates were significantly (P=0.25) inversely correlated with soil moisture content, supporting the hypothesis that high intensity rainfall on a saturated soil surface is more likely to result in NO 3 − −15N dispersion than NO 3 − −15N leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mulching ; soil temperature ; tropical loam ; urea transformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field plots and lysimeter (micro) plots were established on St. Augustine loam in a completely randomised block design with four fertilized, mulched and unmulched treatments, replicated three times. Labelled (15N) and unlabelled (NH2)2CO fertilizers were applied at rates of 400 kg N ha−1 and CaH2PO4 and KCl were applied at rates of 100 and 150 kg ha−1 respectively. Mulch (bagasse) was applied to a depth of two cm on bare plots, maintained with regular applications of gramoxone. Soil temperature and moisture were recorded at various depths. Within three to seven hours of fertilizer applications, hydrolysis of (NH2)2CO−15N to NH 4 + −15N occurred at the site, but nitrification was more gradual. Three times as much applied15N was recovered from the mulched and unmulched field plots (22.4 to 28.9 per cent) compared to the mulched and unmulched microplots (7.3 to 10.0 per cent). Mulching significantly (P=0.05) enhanced the conservation of NH 4 + −15N at 10 cm depth within the field plots but not in the microplots. Significantly (P=0.05) lower soil temperatures prevailed in the field plots compared to the microplots particularly when mulched and levels of NO 3 − −15N and moisture were significantly (P=0.05) higher. The potential for downward movement of soil moisture and15N ions was low during the periods of evaluation and it is highly probable that the role of lateral movement of soil moisture and15N ions is more significant than previously recognised.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1975-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1998-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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