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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15)
  • 1985-1989  (13)
  • 1960-1964  (2)
  • 1989  (13)
  • 1963  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: RF-Bias Sputtered TiN-Coatings to Reduce Wear of Cast-Iron Piston RingsBy means of the reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering process TiN coatings with a thickness of 2.5 m̈m and 6 m̈m respectively, have been deposited onto piston rings made of cast iron.The coated piston rings have been tribologically tested using a model wear test, the so called short stroke test, which allows simultaneous testing of eight rings.This test method involves the most important stress features of the fired motor so that a good simulation of the stress conditions under which the piston rings and cylinder linings are working, is achieved. The results found with the short stroke test are compareable to those found with a fired test motor.The test was performed using TiN coated, uncoated and hardchromium electroplated cast iron rings.The reduction of the total wear of the rings and cylinder linings using a 6 m̈m thick TiN coating was 85° compared to the uncoated rings and 50° compared to the chromium coated rings.The adhesion of the TiN coatings is excellent and even the graphite inclusions on the cast iron surface did not lead to any adhesion failure of the coatings under the present stress conditions.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe des reaktiven Hochfrequenz-Magnetron-Kathodenzerstäbungsverfahrens wurden 2,5 m̈m und 6 m̈m starke TiN-Schichten auf Kolbenringen aus Grauguß abgeschieden.Zur Untersuchung der Gebrauchseigenschaften dieser Schichten unter den komplexen tribologischen Bedingungen, denen die Bauteilpaarung „Zylinderlaufbuchse - Kolbenring“ im gefeuerten Motor unterliegt, wurde ein außermotorisches Prüfverfahren herangezogen.Der sogenannte Kurz-Hub-Versuch bietet die Möglichkeit, bis zu acht Kolbenringe gleichzeitig zu testen.Die Beachtung der im gefeuerten Motor wirksamen Beanspruchungskomponenten erlaubt eine sehr genaue Simulation der dort vorliegenden Verhältnisse und ermöglicht mit Hilfe des Prüfversuchs, das Verschleißverhalten der Reibpaarung „Zylinder-Kolbenringlauffläche“ so zu bewerten, wie mit einem gefeuerten Prüfstandsmotor.Die TiN-beschichteten Ringe wurden mit unbeschichteten Graugußringen und mit hartverchromten Kolbenringen verglichen. Durch den Einsatz einer 6 m̈m starken TiN-Schicht konnte der lineare Gesamtverschleiß (Ring + Zylinder) gegenüber den unbeschichteten Ringen um 85° und gegenüber den hartverchromten Ringen um 50° verringert werden.Die Haftung der Schichten auf dem Grauguß erweist sich als sehr gut und wird auch durch Graphiteinlagerungen an der Ringoberfläche unter den vorliegenden Beanspruchungsbedingungen nicht beeinträchtigt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pack aluminizing of low alloyed steel: Metallurgical aspects of the coating procedure and coating reliability in high temperature serviceThis study concentrates on metallurgical aspects of the pack aluminizing coating procedure of a low alloyed 1% Cr½% Mo steel (13 CrMo 44) as well as on the coating reliability in high temperature service.It is reported, how the coating procedure can be optimized by controlling coating temperature and time as well as the composition of the powder mixture.In high temperature service a protective coating has to withstand diffusion and corrosion reactions. Creep and low cycle fatigue of a component also can result in coating failure.Optimized coatings on low alloyed steels withstand high temperature sulfidation up to 600°C, where no increase in layer thickness or decrease of aluminium concentration in the specimen surface occurs. Even after creep strains of six percent no cracks are found in the coating.Thermal cycling of coated specimens results in nucleation and growth of cracks in the coating and thus represents the life limiting damage process of aluminized low alloyed steel.
    Notes: In einer Fallstudie am Beispielk des niedriglegierten Stahles 13 CrMo 44 wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgezeigt, wie Schutzschichten auf Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen zunächst durch gezielte Einstellung der Beschichtungsparameter Pulvermischung, Beschichtungstemperatur und Beschichturgsdauer optimiert werden, wobei der metallographischen Analyse der Schutzschichten eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt (Abb. 11a).Die Schutzschicht muß im Hochtemperatureinsatz einem Beanspruchungskollektiv aus Diffusions- und Korrosionsreaktionen mit überlagerten mechanischen Beanspruchungen, wie Kriechen und thermische Ermüdung, standhalten (Abb. 11b). In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Beanspruchungskollektiv in seine Einzelkomponenten zerlegt. Es zeigte sich, daß Abdiffusion, Hochtemperatursulfidierung und Kriechen von einer optimierten Alitierschicht gut ertragen werden.Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen führen zu Ermüdungsrißbildung in Pulveraluminierschutzschichten und stellen daher einen sehr wichtigen, die Lebensdauer bestimmenden Bestandteil des Beanspruchungskollektivs im Hochtemperatureinsatz dar.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the corrosion fatigue behaviour at a super pure martensitic stainless steel X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in comparison to the soft martensitic stainless steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR in chloride containing aqueous media  -  Part 2: Corrosion fatigue tests and crack initiation mechanismsThe following report concerns the study of the corrosion fatigue behaviour of the soft martensitic steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR and the precipitation hardened X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in sodium solution in the temperature range between 20° and 150 °C and the determination of their general corrosion properties and the mechanism of crack propagation. Their corrosion fatigue limits were compared with each other. A comparision was also made between an electro-slag-remelted soft martensitic steel and a charge without an ESR aftertreatment. Microfractographical fracture and crack path investigation were carried out for interpretation of the experimental results.It was observed that in both super pure steels (soft martensitic and precipitation hardened) the oxidic inclusions are not responsible for the crack intiation, as it was found in the non ESR treated steels. In the 17-4 PH steel copper containing inclusions in the crack initiation areas were observed. In concentrated sodium solution pitting corrosion was found at both steels.
    Notes: Untersuchungen zum Schwingungsrißkorrosionsverhalten des weichmartensitischen Stahles X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESU und des Martensitaushärters X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in NaCl-haltigen Lösungen im Temperaturbereich zwischen 20° und 150 °C. Bestimmung der Korrosionseigenschaften und der Rißeinleitungsmechanismen. Vergleich zwischen einem Elektro-Schlacke-umgeschmolzenen Weichmartensiten und einer Charge, die nicht ESU-behandelt worden ist. Mikrofraktographische Bruch- und Rißverlaufsbeurteilung zur Deutung der Versuchsergebnisse.Die fraktographischen Untersuchungen ergaben, daß bei dem hochreinen weichmartensitischen und dem martensitaushärtenden Stahl oxidische Einschlüsse bei der Rißeinleitung keine Rolle spielen. Beim martensitaushärtenden Stahl wurden Cu-haltige Einschlüsse im Rißausgangsbereich nachgewiesen. In konzentrierter Salzlösung trat bei beiden Stählen Lochfraß auf, der rißinitiierend wirkte.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the corrosion fatigue behaviour at a super pure martensitic stainless steel (X 5 CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH) in comparison to the soft martensitic stainless steel X 4 CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR in chloride containing aqueous media  -  Part 1: Corrosion investigations and stress corrosion tests to optimize the heat treatment according to the stress corrosion resistanceThe aim of this investigation was to improve the reliability of operation and the economy of corrosion fatigue stresses of structural elements, especially at elevated temperatures, by optimizing the material. This investigation is of great interest both to the industry and to related fields. It concerns the influence of a higher degree of purity achieved by the secondary metallurgical aftertreatment of soft martensitic steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR (ESR-electroslag remelting) in comparison to the corrosion fatigue behaviour of the precipitation hardening steel X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH, which was specially heat-treated with respect to stress corrosion cracking resistance.The stress corrosion was investigated for all heat-treatments of the 17-4 PH in 22% NaCl(pH3) solution. The precipitation hardening steel was most resistant to stress corrosion in concentrated NaCl-solution after a three-stage heat-treatment.There was no improvement of corrosion fatigue resistance after metallurgical aftertreatment of soft martensitic steel compared to the untreated material. This is due to the instable passive behaviour of the material which led to crack initiation, especially during the 150°C experiments, at chloride-induced places of pitting.The investigation of the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of both materials showed that the pH-value hardly influences corrosion restistance. An increase of the salt content leads to higher pitting induction. At temperatures of 80°C in a saturated NaCl-solution the material showed no corrosion resistance. In potentiokinetic investigations, a direct transition from the active area to the pitting potential was observed. In accordance with both the corrosion fatigue and the stress corrosion cracking investigations, it was found that pitting at the martensite precipitator starts primarily around Cu-containing or oxidic inclusions.
    Notes: Durch eine Optimierung der Werkstoffe sollte die Betriebssicheheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit von SwRK-beanspruchten Bauteilen, insbesondere bei erhöhten Temperaturen, verbessert werden. Deshalb wurde der Einfluß eines erhöhten Reinheitsgrades durch sekundärmetallurgische Nachbehandlung am elektroschlacke-umgeschmolzenen, weichmartensitischen Stahl X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESU ermittelt, sowie das SwRK-Verhalten des martensitaushärtenden Stahles X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH mit einem im Hinblick auf die Spannungsrißkorrosionsbeständigkeit gezielten Wärmebehandlungszustand untersucht.Die SpRK-Untersuchungen wurden für alle Wärmebehandlungszustände des 17-4 PH in 22% NaCl/pH3-Lösung, und bei einer Temperatur von 80 bis 150°C durchgeführt. Der martensitaushärtende Stahl zeigte mit einer dreistufigen Wärmebehandlung die höchste Beständigkeit gegen SpRK.Die metallurgische Nachbehandlung des weichmartensitischen Stahles brachte keine Verbesserung der SpRK-Beständigkeit gegenüber dem nicht behandelten Werkstoff. Dies ist durch das instabilpassive Verhalten des Werkstoffes bedingt, das insbesondere bei den 150°C-Versuchen zur Rißeinleitung an chlorid-induzierten Lochfraßstellen führt.Die Untersuchung des elektrochemischen Korrosionsverhaltens beider Werkstoffe zeigte, daß der pH-Wert nur einen geringen Einfluß auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit hat. Ein Erhöhen des Salzgehaltes führt zu einer gesteigerten Lochfraßinduzierung. Bei Temperaturen von 80°C in gesättigter NaCl-Lösung kann nicht mehr von einem Passivbereich gesprochen werden. In potentiodynamischen Untersuchungen war ein direkter Übergang vom Aktivbereich zum Lochfraßpotential zu beobachten. Auch hier konnte in Einklang mit den SwRK- (Teil II) und SpRK-Untersuchungen festgestellt werden, daß ein frühzeitiger Ausfall des 17-4 PH eintritt, wenn Cu-haltige bzw. Oxidische Einschlüsse an der Oberfläche vorhanden sind.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 1149-1168 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new composite implant material titanium/glass-ceramic was tested in rabbits using light microscopy, histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing methods. Two rabbit implant models were used. The first premolar tooth was replaced and cylinders inserted into the trabecular bone of the distal femur below the patella sliding plane. There was bone bonding to the glassceramic component and additional mechanical interlocking, due to bone ingrowth between the titanium matrix into secondary pores. This was proved by measuring the tensile strength at the interface of the new composite material which was in the same range as compared to pure glassceramic implants. In tooth replacement there was a tight attachment of gingival epithelium and stroma to composite titanium/glass-ceramic. These results are of particular clinical interest: physicochemical bone bonding and additional mechanical interlocking result in a resistance of the implant material against shear and tensile loads at the interface. Therefore this new composite material should be suitable for further load-bearing applications.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The reaction of a clean InP(110) surface with thin layers of titanium, deposited at room temperature and 140 K, was studied by core- and valence-level photoemission. We were able to identify reacted interface species by means of curve-resolving of high-resolution core-level spectra. It was found that titanium reacts strongly with InP(110), leading to a reacted layer of ∼9-12 Å thickness, which consists of a TiP compound. In this process, indium is liberated from the substrate and forms metallic islands in the surface region. Further deposition leads to the formation of a metallic Ti film, into which the indium is alloyed. On the basis of annealing experiments, we were able to identify the reacted zone as a diffusion barrier for further interface reaction. The reacted zone was found to broaden at elevated temperature. Our data are discussed with respect to studies of other transition metals with InP(110) and III-V semiconductor surfaces.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 40 (1989), S. 137-137 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: At the coagulation of polymer blend solutions of a lot of polymer couples precipitation structures with a remarkable system of voids are generated, which show good stability at drying. The conditions for the formation of the increased porosity are investigated. High porosity is realised when the polymer blends are separated in two phases in the solute state and when the main polymer has a high rate of coagulation. A mechanism of the formation of voids is suggested which is based on the existence of two solidification front lines.
    Notes: Bei der Koagulation von Polymermischungslösungen entstehen bei einer Vielzahl von Polymerpaaren bemerkenswert hohlraumreiche Fällungsstrukturen, deren Porensystem gegenüber einer Trocknung weitgehend beständig ist. Ausgehend von diesem Befund wurden Ursachen ermittelt, unter denen diese erhöhte Porosität realisiert wird. Sie tritt auf, wenn gleichzeitig sowohl die Polymermischungen im gelösten Zustand zwei Phasen bilden als auch eine hohe Koagulationsgeschwindigkeit des Hauptpolymers vorhanden ist. Ein Porenbildungsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, der auf dem Vorhandensein von zwei Verfestigungsfronten beruht.
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