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  • 1
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    Constraining Andean Propagation of Exhumation at the Limit of the Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina, Using Low‐Temperature Thermochronology in a Structural Context (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-07
    Description: Within the Central Andes of NW Argentina, the spatiotemporal distribution and style of deformation is strongly influenced by pre‐Cenozoic heterogeneities, mostly related to the Salta rift extension in the Cretaceous. At the enigmatic junction of the thin‐skinned Subandean belt and the thick‐skinned Santa Barbara System, the Tilcara Range and adjacent San Lucas block, located within the Eastern Cordillera, show thermochronological and field evidence of multiple exhumation events. Mesozoic (140‐115 Ma), pre‐Andean exhumation of basement highs is constrained by unconformities between basement and syn‐rift strata, as well as zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He cooling ages. Cenozoic Andean exhumation is quantified by apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and fission track cooling ages, which were reset between the Late Cretaceous and Miocene. These data show that the westernmost Tilcara Range began exhuming in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene (26‐16 Ma), after which exhumation propagated to the border of the Eastern Cordillera in the middle Miocene (22‐10 Ma). The onset of rapid exhumation in the San Lucas block, which is located east of the Tilcara Range, occurred in the late Miocene (10‐8 Ma) in its western part, and in the late Miocene‐early Pliocene (6‐4 Ma) in its eastern part. Internal deformation of the San Lucas block, disturbing zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and apatite fission track age patterns, predates propagation of rapid exhumation. The here presented low‐temperature thermochronology data set thus quantifies the multi‐phase exhumation history of the Eastern Cordillera of NW Argentina and constrains the timing of Andean propagation of exhumation within the Eastern Cordillera and the adjacent structural transition zone.
    Description: Key Points: Zircon (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data suggests that pre‐Andean exhumation of Salta rift basement highs occurred in the Early Cretaceous (140‐115 Ma). Apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He and fission track data indicate a late Oligocene‐early Miocene (26‐16 Ma) onset of exhumation in the Tilcara Range. Andean exhumation overall propagated in‐sequence eastward, but thermal models indicate the possibility of local out‐of‐sequence movement.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6358993
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; low‐temperature thermochronology ; thermal modeling ; structural geology ; Central Andes ; Eastern Cordillera ; Cenozoic
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    Pore Space Topology Controls Ultrasonic Waveforms in Dry Volcanic Rocks (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: Pore space controls the mechanical and transport properties of rocks. At the laboratory scale, seismic modeling is usually performed in relatively homogeneous settings, and the influence of the pore space on the recorded wavefields is determined by rock‐fluid interactions. Understanding this influence in dry rocks is instrumental for assessing the impact of pore topology on waves propagating in heterogeneous environments, such as volcanoes. Here, we simulated the propagation of shear waves as a function of pore space parameters in computational models built as proxies for volcanic rocks. The spectral‐element simulations provide results comparable with ultrasonic experiments, and the outcome shows that the size, shape, volume, and location of pores impact amplitudes and phases. These variations intensify in waveform coda after multiple scattering. Our results confirm that pore topology is one of the primary regulators of the propagation of elastic waves in dry rocks regardless of porosity.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Pores control the non‐elastic behavior and, in general, the petrophysical and mechanical properties of rocks. Such properties are essential to assess potential resources such as aquifers and reservoirs or hazards posed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and constructions. The factors controlling the elasticity of rocks are texture, pore space and the fluids filling the pores. While volcanoes represent a key target for rock characterization, measuring and modeling these factors in volcanic rocks remains challenging due to their intrinsic heterogeneities. In this study, we analyzed how pore space parameters influence the overall elastic properties of rocks by changing one parameter at a time. We created synthetic samples and performed computational simulations that show the individual contribution of the amount, size, location, and shape on waveform phases and amplitudes. The findings demonstrate that we can constrain the pore space in heterogeneous rocks in simple but realistic scenarios. Our results are the first step to provide computationaly‐driven forward models of seismic signals in heterogeneous volcanic media, necessary to predict the responses of volcanic rocks to stress.
    Description: Key Points: Computational modeling quantifies the influence of pore space topology on S‐wave propagation in volcanic rocks. Amount, size and location of pores impact ultrasonic wave propagation in dry rocks independently of porosity. Path effects dominate the waveforms and depend on the location of the pores.
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17632/b5p54xtvv9.3
    Keywords: ddc:550.78 ; volcanic rocks ; pore space topology ; S-wave propagation ; computational modeling
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Accuracy, realism and general applicability of European forest models (2022)
    In:  Global Change Biology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: Forest models are instrumental for understanding and projecting the impact of climate change on forests. A considerable number of forest models have been developed in the last decades. However, few systematic and comprehensive model comparisons have been performed in Europe that combine an evaluation of modelled carbon and water fluxes and forest structure. We evaluate 13 widely-used, state-of-the-art, stand-scale forest models against field measurements of forest structure and eddy-covariance data of carbon and water fluxes over multiple decades across an environmental gradient at nine typical European forest stands. We test the models’ performance in three dimensions: accuracy of local predictions (agreement of modelled and observed annual data), realism of environmental responses (agreement of modelled and observed responses of daily gross primary productivity to temperature, radiation and vapor pressure deficit) and general applicability (proportion of European tree species covered). We find that multiple models are available that excel according to our three dimensions of model performance. For the accuracy of local predictions, variables related to forest structure have lower random and systematic errors than annual carbon and water flux variables. Moreover, the multi-model ensemble mean provided overall more realistic daily productivity responses to environmental drivers across all sites than any single individual model. The general applicability of the models is high, as almost all models are currently able to cover Europe’s common tree species. We show that forest models complement each other in their response to environmental drivers and that there are several cases in which individual models outperform the model ensemble. Our framework provides a first step to capturing essential differences between forest models that go beyond the most commonly used accuracy of predictions. Overall, this study provides a point of reference for future model work aimed at predicting climate impacts and supporting climate mitigation and adaptation measures in forests.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    ISIMIP2a Simulation Data from the Regional Forests Sector (v1.0) (2022)
    ISIMIP Repository
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-02
    Description: The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) provides a framework for the collation of a set of consistent, multi-sector, multi-scale climate-impact simulations, based on scientifically and politically relevant historical and future scenarios. This framework serves as a basis for robust projections of climate impacts, as well as facilitating model evaluation and improvement, allowing for advanced estimates of the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change at different levels of global warming. It also provides a unique opportunity to consider interactions between climate impacts across sectors. ISIMIP2a is the first simulation round of the second phase of ISIMIP, focusing on historical simulations of climate impacts on agriculture, fisheries, permafrost, biomes, regional and global water and forests. This will serve as a basis for model evaluation and improvement, allowing for improved estimates of the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change at different levels of global warming. This dataset contains ISIMIP2a simulation data from thirteen local forest models: 3D-CMCC FEM (3D-CMCC-FEM LUE, Collalti et al. 2014, 2016), 3D-CMCC-CNR-BGC (3D-CMCC-FEM BGC, Collalti et al. 2019, Collalti et al. 2020), 3PG (Landsberg et al. 2002), 3PGN-BW (Landsberg et al. 1997, Xenakis et al. 2008), 4C (Reyer et al. 2013, Lasch-Born et al. 2020), BASFOR (van Oijen et al. 2014, Cameron et al. 2013), ForClim (Bugmann et al. 2006), FORMIND (Bohn et al. 2014), GOTILWA+ (Nadal-Sala et al. 2017, Keenan et al. 2010, Gracia et al. 2011), Landscape-DNDC (Haas et al. 2012, Grote et al. 2008, 2010, 2011, Holst et al. 2009, Lindauer et al. 2014), PREBAS (Minunno et al. 2016, Valentine et al. 2005), SALEM (Aussenac et al. 2021) and SIBYLA (Fabrika and Ďurský 2006, Hlásny et al. 2014).
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 5
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    Scenario setup and forcing data for impact model evaluation and impact attribution within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a) (2024)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: This paper describes the rationale and the protocol of the first component of the third simulation round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a, http://www.isimip.org, last access: 2 November 2023) and the associated set of climate-related and direct human forcing data (CRF and DHF, respectively). The observation-based climate-related forcings for the first time include high-resolution observational climate forcings derived by orographic downscaling, monthly to hourly coastal water levels, and wind fields associated with historical tropical cyclones. The DHFs include land use patterns, population densities, information about water and agricultural management, and fishing intensities. The ISIMIP3a impact model simulations driven by these observation-based climate-related and direct human forcings are designed to test to what degree the impact models can explain observed changes in natural and human systems. In a second set of ISIMIP3a experiments the participating impact models are forced by the same DHFs but a counterfactual set of atmospheric forcings and coastal water levels where observed trends have been removed. These experiments are designed to allow for the attribution of observed changes in natural, human, and managed systems to climate change, rising CH4 and CO2 concentrations, and sea level rise according to the definition of the Working Group II contribution to the IPCC AR6.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    EVOLvINC. EValuating knOwLedge INtegration Capacity in multistakeholder governance (2019)
    In:  Ecology and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Research and policy processes in many fields, such as sustainability and health, are increasingly relying on transdisciplinary cooperation among a multitude of governmental, nongovernmental, and private actors from local to global levels. In the absence of hierarchical chains of command, multistakeholder governance may accommodate conflicting or diverse interests and facilitate collective action, but its effectiveness depends on its capacity to integrate systems, transformation, and target knowledge. Approaches to foster such governance are nascent and quickly evolving, and methodological standards to facilitate comparison and learning from best practice are needed. However, there is currently no evaluation approach that (i) comprehensively assesses the capacity for knowledge integration in multistakeholder governance, (ii) draws on the best available knowledge that is being developed in various fields, and (iii) combines a systematic and transferable methodological design with pragmatic feasibility. We brought together 20 experts from institutions in nine countries, all working on evaluation approaches for collaborative science–policy initiatives. In a synthesis process that included a 2-day workshop and follow-up work among a core group of participants, we developed a tool for evaluating knowledge integration capacity in multistakeholder governance (EVOLvINC). Its 23 indicators incorporate previously defined criteria and components of transdisciplinary evaluations into a single, comprehensive framework that operationalizes the capacity for integrating systems, target, and transformation knowledge during an initiative’s (a) design and planning processes at the policy formulation stage, (b) organization and working processes at the implementation stage, and (c) sharing and learning processes at the evaluation stage of the policy cycle. EVOLvINC is (i) implemented through a questionnaire, (ii) builds on established indicators where possible, (iii) offers a consistent and transparent semiquantitative scoring and aggregation algorithm, and (iv) uses spider diagrams for visualizing results. The tool builds on experience and expertise from both the northern and southern hemispheres and was empirically validated with seven science–policy initiatives in six African and Asian countries. As a generalized framework, EVOLvINC thus enables a structured reflection on the capacity of multistakeholder governance processes to foster knowledge integration. Its emphasis on dialog and exploration allows adaptation to contextual specificities, highlights relative strengths and weaknesses, and suggests avenues for shaping multistakeholder governance toward mutual learning, capacity building, and strengthened networks. The validation suggests that the adaptive capacity of multistakeholder governance could be best enhanced by considering systems characteristics at the policy formulation stage and fostering adaptive and generic learning at the evaluation stage of the policy cycle.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    SOS-ZEROPOL2030: D2.2 The EU Governance Landscape for Zero Marine Pollution : Overview of the existing EU governance arrangements and the best practices and constraints of governance efforts to achieve zero marine pollution (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: The European Union’s (EU) Zero Pollution Action Plan, adopted in May 2021, aims to drastically reduce pollution in air, water and soil. It in particular “sets out an integrated vision for 2050: a world where pollution is reduced to levels that are no longer harmful to human health and natural ecosystems, as well as the steps to get there”. This report focuses on land-based sources of marine pollution. It explores policy developments across the entire value chain of contaminants (e.g., production, usage, end-of-life, and end-of-pipe) to achieve EU’s zero pollution objective. The aim of this report is to: Identify the best practices and constraints of current EU governance efforts to achieve zero pollution for four selected priority pollutant groups, namely underwater noise, chemicals, nutrients and microplastics. To achieve the aim, the scope of the report is the in-depth study of the upstream governance arrangements that relate to two case contaminants of Tyre Wear Particles (TWPs) and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). The Zero Pollution Action Plan objective for microplastics, and thus also TWPs, is to reduce the release of microplastics into the environment by 30%. For PFAS, the Chemical Strategy for Sustainability outlines the EU’s zero pollution objective, which is to phase out their use in the EU, unless deemed essential. The report focuses on land-based sources of emissions to the aquatic and marine environment, taking into account the production and use of PFAS and tyres.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 8
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    Transboundary maritime cooperation: the case of the Eastern Caribbean Region (2023)
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Transboundary cooperation is a priority for the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). For over thirty years since its formation, it has pursued policies of integration and cooperation among its members with the aim of promoting development and reducing social and economic inequalities across the region. Within the last decade, the islands have embarked on ambitious plans for a sustainable Blue Economy, centred on developing the potential of their vast maritime zones. Achieving this requires cooperation across maritime borders for the management of shared natural resources and transnational human activities, as well as for addressing transboundary challenges facing the region such as climate change, marine pollution and Sargassum influxes. Through a literature review and documentary analysis this article provides a first stocktaking of transboundary maritime cooperation in the region through a mapping of regional level policy promoting cooperation and projects among OECS members over the last decade. The analysis reveals great diversity among participating countries, thematic priorities and actors operating across multiple governance levels. The article concludes with a discussion on the drivers for cooperation among OECS members, highlighting transboundary maritime cooperation as a natural and logical approach for capitalising on opportunities and addressing challenges in a capacity constrained region.
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Does ideology influence the ambition level of climate and renewable energy policy? Insights from four European countries (2021)
    In:  Energy sources, Part B: Economics, planning and policy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: We investigate whether political ideology has an observable effect on decarbonization ambition, renewable power aims, and preferences for power system balancing technologies in four European countries. Based on the Energy Logics framework, we identify ideologically different transition strategies (state-centered, market-centered, grassroots-centered) contained in government policies and opposition party programs valid in 2019. We compare these policies and programs with citizen poll data. We find that ideology has a small effect: governments and political parties across the spectrum have similar, and relatively ambitious, decarbonization and renewables targets. This mirrors citizens’ strong support for ambitious action regardless of their ideological self-description. However, whereas political positions on phasing out fossil fuel power are clear across the policy space, positions on phasing in new flexibility options to balance intermittent renewables are vague or non-existent. As parties and citizens agree on strong climate and renewable power aims, the policy ambition is likely to remain high, even if governments change.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    Obstacles for the CSP cooperation mechanisms. Lessons learned from the past (2020)
    University of Piraeus Research Centre [u.a.]
    In:  MUSTEC working document series
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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